Strong and Weak verbs in oe contents

Reference
Finegan, Edward (2004). Language: Its Structure and Use. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Ch. 13 + 14.
Yule, George (2006). The Study of Language: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 19.
Baugh, Albert C. & Cable, Thomas (2002). A History of the English Language. London: Taylor & Francis.
Crystal, David (2005). The Stories of English. London: Penguin.
Jucker, Andreas H. (2000). History of English and English Historical Linguistics. Stuttgart: Klett.
For facsimiles of some OE texts:
http://www.rosenkilde-bagger.dk/Early%20English%20Volumes.htm
For some OE texts read aloud:
http://www.readingoldenglish.com/
By the 16th century the term Anglo-Saxon came to refer to all things of the early English period, including language, culture, and people. While it remains the normal term for the latter two aspects, the language began to be called Old English towards the end of the 19th century, as a result of the increasingly strong anti-Germanic nationalism in English society of the 1890s and early 1900s. However many authors still also use the term Anglo-Saxon to refer to the language.
Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. ((ISBN 0-521-53033-4.
Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Baugh, Albert (1951). A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 60–83, 110–130 (Scandinavian influence).
Fennell, Barbara 1998. A history of English. A sociolinguistic approach. Oxford: Blackwell.
Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo 1993. Origins and development of the English language. 4th edition. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich).
Barber, Charles, Joan C. Beal and Philip A. Shaw 2009. The English language. A historical introduction. Second edition of Barber (1993). Cambridge: University Press.
Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.) 2006. The Oxford History of English. Oxford: University Press.
Hogg, Richard M. and David Denison (ed.) 2006. A history of the English language. Cambridge: University Press.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable 1993 A history of the English language. 4th edition. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall).
Hogg (1992), p. 83.
Stumpf, John (1970). An Outline of English Literature; Anglo-Saxon and Middle English Literature. London: Forum House Publishing Company. p. 7. We do not know what languages the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons spoke, nor even whether they were sufficiently similar to make them mutually intelligible, but it is reasonable to assume that by the end of the sixth century there must have been a language that could be understood by all and this we call Primitive Old English.
A. Campbell, Old English Grammar (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), §§5-22.
((Campbell, Alistair (1959). Old English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ((ISBN 0-19-811943-7.
Hogg (1992), p. 117; but for a different interpretation of this, see Old English diphthongs.
Magennis (2011), pp. 56–60.
CONCLUSION
Over the next two centuries, however, Anglo-Norman French mixed with Anglo-Saxon, probably because the children of the Norman-French aristocracy were being raised by servants who spoke Anglo-Saxon among themselves. Eventually the two languages blended together, mixing the grammars and vocabularies of Anglo-Norman and Anglo-Saxon. This mixture, which was also influenced by the Latin used by the Church, became the language we recognize as Middle English, the language of Chaucer, William Langland, and the anonymous poet who wrote Sir Gassing and the Green Knight.
But as you can see by reading even a brief passage from Chaucer, Chaucer's language is not our language. Around the year 1500, a linguistic event called "The Great Vowel Shift" occurred. No one really knows why, though there are many speculations, but within a generation or so the pronunciation of Middle English vowels was rearranged. For example, the "ee" sound in Chaucer's word "sweete" (pronounced to rhyme with "eight") became the "ee" sound in Modern English "sweet." Also the "i" in "April," which is Chaucer's time was pronounced to rhyme with Modern English "peel" became the short "i" sound in Modern English "April." All the vowels were rearranged in a complex pattern discussed in more detail in the Appendix on Phonology.
Once this vowel shift is complete, we have Early Modern English and, soon after, Modern English. Thus while Chaucer takes some getting used to, students can successfully read the writings of Shakespeare with no formal instruction in his language; our language, for all the new words added and changes in manners and style, is essentially the same as Shakespeare's. We could have understood Shakespeare, and he would have understand us, but he could not have understood the Anglo-Saxon writer Ælfric, even though approximately the same amount of time separates Ælfric from Shakespeare as separates Shakespeare from us.
Despite the differences between Old English and Modern English, the language retains a fundamental kinship to our own. Thus students can expect to find learning Old English to be somewhat easier than learning a new "foreign" language such as Spanish or French. A semester's worth of hard work should be enough to give a student the ability to translate Old English poetry and prose. The key to success in this endeavor is to lay a solid foundation of grammatical understanding. While at first it may seem easy to "get the general idea" of a passage, if you take the time to figure out exactly how each word is working in a sentence you will find that the more complicated Old English sentences that we meet later in the semester will be less difficult to translate than they otherwise might be.
It is also important for students to realize that this short work is no permanent substitute for an expansive, detailed grammar book, such as Mitchell and Robinson's A Guide to Old English. King Alfred's Grammar skips over exceptions to rules, complications of syntax and some subtleties of Old English grammar. The time in a semester is so short and the number of things worth learning so many that we feel justified in this simplification. Our purpose is to get students translating great literature as quickly as humanly possible, thus preparing them for further study in Old English literature and culture.

1^ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable 1993 A history of the English language. 4th edition. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall).

2^ Source: Ply, Mary Sue, and Donna Haisty Winchell. Bridging the Communication Gap. Scott, Foresman, and Company, 1989. Created by Rebecca Carnes Revised: Fall 2005 STUDENT LEARNING ASSISTANCE CENTER (SLAC) Texas State University-San Marcos

3^ Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.) 2006. The Oxford History of English. Oxford: University Press

4^ Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.) 2006. The Oxford History of English. Oxford: University Press

5^ Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.) 2006. The Oxford History of English. Oxford: University Press