Strong and Weak verbs in oe contents



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Strong and Weak verbs in OE kurs ishi

Old English Grammar

The Old English Verb


OE verbs have two tenses (present and past) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). There are also the verbals – the infinitive, the first (present) and the second (past) participles. The verbs agree with the subject in person and number4.
Germanic is distinguished among the branches of the Indo-European family by several unique features which were developed by internal progress of the Common Germanic language. One of such features was the formation of the weak verbs, which did not exist in the Proto-Indo-European language.
Modern English makes a distinction between regular and irregular verbs. This distinction goes back to the Old English system of strong and weak verbs.
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of conjugation (known as Ablaut). In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern English, for example "sing, sang, sung" is a strong verb, as are swim/swam/swum and choose/chose/chosen. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old English, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes.

OE strong verbs are traditionally divided into seven classes, each having a distinct pattern of the root vowels in its principal parts, different from any other class. There were four basic forms of strong verbs in OE: the Infinitive, the Past singular, the Past plural, Participle II.





INFINITIVE

PAST SINGULAR

PAST PLURAL

SECOND PARTICIPLE

Class I

ī

Ā

i

i

wrītan (write)

Wrāt

writon

writen

Class II

Ēo

Ēa

u

o

bēodan (offer)

Bead

budon

boden

Class III

(a) before nasal + consonant

I

a (o)

u

u

drincan (drink)

Dranc

druncon

druncen

(b) before l + consonant

helpan (help)

Healp

hulpon

holpen

(c) before r + consonant, h + consonant

Eo

Ea

u

o

steorfan (die)

Stearf

sturfon

storfen

Class IV

E

Æ

ǣ

o

stelan (steal)

Stæl

stǣlon

stolen

Class V

E

Æ

ǣ

e

tredan (tread)

Træd

trǣdon

treden

Class VI

A

Ō

ō

a

faran (go)

Fōr

fōron

faren

Class VII

feallan (fall)

Feioll

feollon

feallen

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:

  1. ī + one consonant.

  2. ēo or ū + one consonant.

  3. Originally e + two consonants (This was no longer the case by the time of written Old English).

  4. e + one consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb brecan 'to break').

  5. e + one consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).

  6. a + one consonant.

  7. No specific rule – first and second have identical stems (ē or ēo), and the infinitive and the past participle also have the same stem.

Weak verbs are formed principally by adding dental endings (containing –d- or –t-) to past and participles. Ever weak verb is characterized by three forms: infinitive, past tense and second participle. There are three major classes of weak verbs.


The first class displays i-mutation in the root. It also includes several subdivisions.
Class I Weak Verbs

Infinitive

Past

Second Participle

cēpan (keep)

Cēpte

cēpt, cēped

tellan (tell)

Tealde

teald

Class II verbs did not undergo any mutation, as the replacement of the original suffix *-ōja- was reduced to –i- at the time when the process of mutation was over. The infinitive of these verbs ends in –ian.


Class II Weak Verbs



Infinitive

Past

Second Participle

macian (make)

Macode

macod

hopian (hope)

hopode

hopod

During the Old English period the third class was significantly reduced; only few verbs belonged to this group. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though share some commonalities.


Class III Weak Verbs



Infinitive

Past

Second Participle

habban (have)

hæfde

hæfd

libban (live)

Lifde

lifd



Conjugation
Class I strong verb wrītan (write)


Present

Past







Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Indicative

Subjunctive

Sing.

1pers.

wrīte

Write



wrāt

write




2 pers.

wrītest, wrītst

wrīt

wrīte




3 pers.

wrīteÞ, wrīt



wrāt

Plur.




wrītaÞ

Written

2d pers. – wrītaÞ

wrīton

writen

Infinitive

First Participle

Second Participle

Wrītan

Wrītende

(ge)writen

Dat. tō wrītenne



















Every infinitive can have a dative case used with the preposition tō.
Class I weak verb styrian (stir)

Present

Past







Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Indicative

Subjunctive

Sing.

1pers.

styrie

Styrie



styrede

styrede




2 pers.

styrest,

styre

styredest




3 pers.

styrieÞ



styrede

Plur.




styriaÞ

Styrien

2d pers. – styriaÞ

styredon

styreden




Infinitive

First Participle

Second Participle

Styrian

Styriende

(ge) styred


Preterite-present verbs
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which form the present like the past of a strong verb, and the past like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from perfect tense verbs that have accuired a present meaning. For example, witan, "to know" comes from verb which originally meant "to have seen." As a result of this history, the present singular is formed from the first preterite stem, and the present plural from the second preterite stem.


Infinitive

cunnan (can)

sculan (shall, should)

Present tense
Indicative




Sing.

1st pers.

Cann

sceal

2d pers.

Canst

scealt

3rd pers.

Cann

sceal(l)

Plural

cunnon

sculon

Subjunctive







Sing.

cunne

scule, scyle

Plural

cunnen

sculen, scyle

Past Tense







Indicative







Sing.

1st pers.

Cūðe

sceolde

2d pers.

cūðest

sceoldest

3rd pers.

Cūðe

sceolde

Plural

cūðon

sceoldon

Subjunctive







Sing.

Cūðe

sceolde

Plural

cūðen

sceolden

Participle II

cunnen, cūð





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