Strong and Weak verbs in oe contents
Infinitive 3rd Person Singular Past
Yüklə 64,08 Kb.
|
- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Present Tense
- Past Tense
- Subjunctive Mood
- Imperative Mood
You can use these principle parts to construct a complete conjugation. Use the basic weak verb endings, but plug the appropriate strong verb stems into the paradigm. Strong Verb Complete Conjugation Sample: bitan and singan Just as in a weak verb, the stem plus an ending creates the present tense forms for the various persons. We'll use bitan = "to bite" and singan="to sing" as examples. First find the stem of the verb by removing an from the infinitive. Removing an from bitan and singan gives us bit and sing as the two stems. Then plug these stems into the paradigm below. Present Tense
For the past tense we use the 3rd person singular past. However, for the 2nd person past tense you must use the vowel of the all plurals past (in this case i) with an e as the ending. Past Tense
Subjunctive MoodThe subjunctive mood uses the stem for the present tense and the vowel of the 3rd person plural past of the past tense, adding e in the singular and en in the plural. Thus, the subjunctive past and 2nd sg. past share the same vowel. Present Tense
Past Tense
Imperative Mood(can only be in the 2nd person and only in present tense) The imperative mood uses just the stem for the singular and the stem plus að for the plural.
Analytical verb formation in OE The OE was a synthetical language, though some analytical forms already started to come into use. There existed the following prototypes of future analytical formations: (1) sculan + infinitive, willan + infinitive These constructions were occasionally used to convey future meaning. As you remember, there was no special future tense in OE, the hypothetical future meaning could be expressed by lexical means (context, adverbs etc.) or by compound modal predicate. Sculon and willan used to be pure modal verbs, sculan expressed obligation and willan – volition, for example: Þonne sculan hīe Þās helle sēcan (they must seek that hell). By the end of OE period these verbs started to lose their modal meaning. (2) habban + Participle II (with transitive verbs), bēon + Participle II (with intransitive verbs) These combinations mean that the subject had some thing or quality as a result of some action, for example: hīe hæfdon hiera cyning āworpenne (they had their king deposed). The Participle II usually agrees with the object in gender, number and case. Later such constructions started to convey the meaning of completion and result of the action, which could be viewed as beginning of analytical perfective aspect. Occasionally completion of an action was expressed by means of ge- prefix. It also approaches in a way the meaning of he perfective aspect, dōn – gedōn. (3) wesan/ bēon/weorÞan + Participle II. This construction had a passive meaning and showed, that the subject aquired a feature as a result of an action performed, for example: hē wearÞ ofslægen (he became a killed one). Indo-European had three voices: active, passive and middle (reflexive); Germanic languages lost inflected passive and middle. The above construction could not be considered as expressing passive as it exists now, as the verbs wesan/ bēon/weorÞan retained their full meaning yet. QUESTION 1 . In 55 B.C . E Who is the attempted an invasion of Britain ? 2 . What is the meaning of the word Wēales ? 3 . What types of verb are there ? 4. There are two types of Intransitive and transitive verbs Which are ......... ? 5 . With whom the Viking leader Gatrum signed a treaty in 879 - 90 ?
6 . How the word offer is written in OE period ?
8 . How many tenses were there in OE verbs ? 9 . What are Phrasel Verbs ? 10 . What are Stativ verbs ? Glossary cweðan – (verb) say (ge)etan – (verb) eat forgiefan – (verb) give gefēra – (noun, masc) companion sellan – (verb) give trēow - (noun, neut.) tree wīf – (noun, neut) – wife, woman bletsung - (noun fem) blessing cnapa - (noun) servants feran – (verb) proceed gecierran (verb) returned ham - (adv) homewards heofonlic - (adj) heavenly mid - (prep) with sona - (adv) immediately swa - (adv) so; thus Analytic: A linguistic typology depending on word order to express syntactic relations. Prototypically displays no inflections. Cognate words: Words in related languages with related form and meaning and said to have a common origin. Comparative Analysis: Method of analysis comparing two or more languages, dialects etc. Diachronic: Studying language and its development through time. Etymology: The study of the history and origin of words. Family tree model: An illustrative model indicating relationships between languages in varying degrees. Historical linguistics: Branch of linguistics studying historical aspects of language. Theoretically any branch of linguistics, from phonology to pragmatics, can be subject to historical research. Historical semantics: The diachronic study of semantics. Indo-European languages: A language family including, among others, Italic and Germanic languages. English and German, but also Dutch and Afrikaans are part of the latter, i.e. Germanic, branch. Old Norse: A north Germanic language spoken in Scandinavia and by Scandinavian seafarers and settlers in England until c. 1300. Old, Middle, Early Modern and Modern English: The four traditional periods in the history of English. Onomasiological: An approach to the study of signs, going from meaning to sign. Proto-languages: The oldest ancestor of languages forming a language family, also called “Ursprache”. Partly reconstructed via comparative analyses. Semasiological: An approach to the study of signs, going from sign to meaning. Yüklə 64,08 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
|