Strong and Weak verbs in oe contents


Infinitive 3rd Person Singular Past



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Strong and Weak verbs in OE kurs ishi

Infinitive

3rd Person Singular Past

All Plurals Past

Past Participle

Bitan

bat

biton

biten

Fleon

fleah

flugon

flogen

Springan

sprang

sprungon

sprungen

Cuman

cam

camon

cumen

Giefan

geaf

geafon

giefen

Tacan

toc

tocon

tacen

Healdan

heold

heoldon

healden

You can use these principle parts to construct a complete conjugation. Use the basic weak verb endings, but plug the appropriate strong verb stems into the paradigm.
Strong Verb Complete Conjugation Sample: bitan and singan
Just as in a weak verb, the stem plus an ending creates the present tense forms for the various persons.
We'll use bitan = "to bite" and singan="to sing" as examples.
First find the stem of the verb by removing an from the infinitive. Removing an from bitan and singan gives us bit and sing as the two stems.
Then plug these stems into the paradigm below.

Present Tense


Singular

Ending

Class I

Class III

1st Person

e

Bite

singe

2nd Person

est

Bitest

singest

3rd Person



Biteð

singeð

Plural










1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons



Bitað

singað

For the past tense we use the 3rd person singular past. However, for the 2nd person past tense you must use the vowel of the all plurals past (in this case i) with an e as the ending.

Past Tense


Singular

Ending

Class I

Class III

1st Person




Bat

sang

2nd Person

e

Bate

sunge

3rd Person




Bat

sang

Plural










1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons

on

Biton

sungon

Subjunctive Mood


The subjunctive mood uses the stem for the present tense and the vowel of the 3rd person plural past of the past tense, adding e in the singular and en in the plural. Thus, the subjunctive past and 2nd sg. past share the same vowel.

Present Tense


Singular

Ending

Class I

Class III

1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons

E

bite

singe

Plural










1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons

En

biten

singen

Past Tense


Singular

Ending

Singular

Singular

1st, 2nd, 3rd Person

E

bite

sunge

Plural










1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons

En

biten

sungen

Imperative Mood


(can only be in the 2nd person and only in present tense)
The imperative mood uses just the stem for the singular and the stem plus  for the plural.

Singular




2nd Person

stem only

Bit

sing

Plural










2nd Person



Bitað

singað



Analytical verb formation in OE
The OE was a synthetical language, though some analytical forms already started to come into use. There existed the following prototypes of future analytical formations:
(1) sculan + infinitive, willan + infinitive
These constructions were occasionally used to convey future meaning. As you remember, there was no special future tense in OE, the hypothetical future meaning could be expressed by lexical means (context, adverbs etc.) or by compound modal predicate. Sculon and willan used to be pure modal verbs, sculan expressed obligation and willan – volition, for example:
Þonne sculan hīe Þās helle sēcan (they must seek that hell).
By the end of OE period these verbs started to lose their modal meaning.
(2) habban + Participle II (with transitive verbs), bēon + Participle II (with intransitive verbs)
These combinations mean that the subject had some thing or quality as a result of some action, for example:
hīe hæfdon hiera cyning āworpenne (they had their king deposed).
The Participle II usually agrees with the object in gender, number and case.
Later such constructions started to convey the meaning of completion and result of the action, which could be viewed as beginning of analytical perfective aspect. Occasionally completion of an action was expressed by means of ge- prefix. It also approaches in a way the meaning of he perfective aspect, dōn – gedōn.
(3) wesan/ bēon/weorÞan + Participle II.
This construction had a passive meaning and showed, that the subject aquired a feature as a result of an action performed, for example:
hē wearÞ ofslægen (he became a killed one).
Indo-European had three voices: active, passive and middle (reflexive); Germanic languages lost inflected passive and middle. The above construction could not be considered as expressing passive as it exists now, as the verbs wesan/ bēon/weorÞan retained their full meaning yet.
QUESTION

1 . In 55 B.C . E Who is the attempted an invasion of Britain ?


2 . What is the meaning of the word Wēales ?


3 . What types of verb are there ?


4. There are two types of Intransitive and transitive verbs Which

are ......... ?


5 . With whom the Viking leader Gatrum signed a treaty in 879 -


90 ?

6 . How the word offer is written in OE period ?
7 . How many were basic forms of strong verbs in OE ?

8 . How many tenses were there in OE verbs ?


9 . What are Phrasel Verbs ?


10 . What are Stativ verbs ?




Glossary



cweðan – (verb) say
(ge)etan – (verb) eat
forgiefan – (verb) give
gefēra – (noun, masc) companion
sellan – (verb) give
trēow - (noun, neut.) tree
wīf – (noun, neut) – wife, woman
bletsung - (noun fem) blessing
cnapa - (noun) servants
feran – (verb) proceed
gecierran (verb) returned
ham - (adv) homewards
heofonlic - (adj) heavenly
mid - (prep) with
sona - (adv) immediately
swa - (adv) so; thus

Analytic: A linguistic typology depending on word order to express syntactic relations. Prototypically displays no inflections.


Cognate words: Words in related languages with related form and meaning and said to have a common origin.
Comparative Analysis: Method of analysis comparing two or more languages, dialects etc.
Diachronic: Studying language and its development through time.
Etymology: The study of the history and origin of words.
Family tree model: An illustrative model indicating relationships between languages in varying degrees.
Historical linguistics: Branch of linguistics studying historical aspects of language. Theoretically any branch of linguistics, from phonology to pragmatics, can be subject to historical research.
Historical semantics: The diachronic study of semantics.
Indo-European languages: A language family including, among others, Italic and Germanic languages. English and German, but also Dutch and Afrikaans are part of the latter, i.e. Germanic, branch.
Old Norse: A north Germanic language spoken in Scandinavia and by Scandinavian seafarers and settlers in England until c. 1300.
Old, Middle, Early Modern and Modern English:
The four traditional periods in the history of English.
Onomasiological: An approach to the study of signs, going from meaning to sign.
Proto-languages: The oldest ancestor of languages forming a language family, also called “Ursprache”. Partly reconstructed via comparative analyses.
Semasiological: An approach to the study of signs, going from sign to meaning.

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