Strong and Weak verbs in oe contents


Irregular (anomalous) verbs



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Strong and Weak verbs in OE kurs ishi

Irregular (anomalous) verbs.
These verbs differ from all other verbs in that their forms are derived from different root, i.e. their system is based on suppletivity. For example, forms of the verb “be” are derived from three roots: wes-, es-, and be-. It is possible that these elements originally had different meanings, which were more concrete than the abstract meaning of ‘be’.


Conjugation / Infinitive

wesan, bēon (be)

gān, gangan (go)

Indicative

Present

Singular

1st pers.

eom, bēo



2d pers.

eart, bist

gǣst

3d pers.

is, biÞ

gǣÞ

Plural

sind(on), bēoÞ, sīen, sīn, bēon, sint

gāÞ

Past

Singular

1st pers.

Wæs

ēode

2d person

Wǣre

ēodest

3d person

Wæs

ēode

Plural

Wǣron

ēodon

Present Subjunctive

Singular

sīe, sī, bēo, s



Plural

sind(on), bēoÞ, sīen, sīn, bēon, sint

gān

Past Subjunctive

Singular

Wǣre

ēode

Plural

Wǣren

ēoden

Participle I

wesende, bēonde

gānde, gangende

Past Participle II



(ge)gān

Imperative

Singular 2d person

wes, bēo



Plural 2d person

wesaÞ, bēoÞ

gāÞ



Strong Verbs


Strong Verbs are verbs in which the vowel in the stem is changed to indicate tenses.
Ring ==> Rang ==> Rung
is an example of a strong verb in Modern English; the vowel changes from "i" to "a" to "u" depending upon the verb tense.
Although they are not in themselves particularly difficult to understand, strong verbs can cause problems for beginning Old English student translations because the form of a strong verb that you find in a sentence is very often not the form of the verb listed in the dictionary. For example, if you look up the word sungon in the dictionary, you will not find it (just as you will not find “sung” in a Modern English dictionary). To find the meaning of sungon you must convert the verb to its infinitive form, singan, which you can then easily find in the dictionary. In order to translate strong verbs, then, we need to be able to recognize the patterns of vowel changes and reconstruct the infinitive from whichever forms we find in sentences.

Weak Verbs


Remember that Old English verbs can be divided into four main categories: weak verbs (the subject of this chapter), strong verbs (the subject of chapter 17), preterite-present verbs (the subject ofchapter 18), and irregular verbs (which we discussed in chapter 9).5
Weak Verbs are verbs which add an ending to a verb stem to indicate person, number, tense, and mood.
Most verbs in Modern English behave like weak verbs.
Walk ==> Walked is an example of a weak verb.
Most verbs in Modern English behave like weak verbs.
To find the stem of an Old English verb, take the infinitive (which ends with -an) and subtract the ending.
For example, the stem of the verb deman = "to judge" is dem.
First Conjugation Weak Verbs: The stem generally ends in a consonant (these are the most common weak verbs).
Second Conjugation Weak Verbs: The stem generally ends in a vowel (these are less common than first conjugation weak verbs).
Third Conjugation Weak Verbs: These verbs don't fit into the first two conjugations. Luckily there are only three that you really need to worry about.

First Conjugation Weak Verbs


As with all conjugations, you begin with the infinitive, which ends in an.
Reminder: verbs are listed in dictionaries and glossaries under their infinitive forms.
Subtract an to find the stem of the verb.
Add the appropriate ending from the table below to the stem to form the conjugated verb.

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