Strong and Weak verbs in oe contents



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Strong and Weak verbs in OE kurs ishi

hafa

liofa

sage or sege

Plural




2nd Person

habbaþ

libbaþ or lifiaþ

secgaþ or secgeaþ

Note: The Imperative Mood can only be in the second person and the present tense.

Inflected Infinitives


to habbanne

to libbanne or
to lifienne

to secganne or
to secgeanne



Present Participles


Hæbbende

libbende or lifigende

secgende



Past Participles


Hæfd

lifd

sægd or sæd


Conjugating Strong Verbs

To conjugate a Strong Verb you need to know four pieces of information:

  • The infinitive: translated as "to xxxx". "To read" is the infinitive in the sentence "Alfred liked to read vernacular books." In Old English the infinitive will end with an.

  • The 3rd person singular in the past tense -- for example, "rang" in the sentence: "He rang the bell." [Many grammar books use the term preterite for past tense.]

  • The past tense plural -- for example, "sang" in the sentence "They sang the song" (it's the same for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons).

  • The past participle -- for example, "tired" in "Alfred's tired eyes forced him to stop reading."

Note: for probably 80 percent or more of the Strong Verbs you'll be translating you won't need the past participle, but it's a good idea to learn it anyway, since it's the principle part from which Modern English forms of Old English strong verbs are drawn.

There are seven classes of strong verbs. You can use the following poem to help place a verb in its proper class:
The cat will bite the bird that will not fly
and spring upon the mouse when he comes by.
He gives no quarter and takes no guff.
A fool he holds him who falls for such stuff.
-- by Patrick W. Conner

Mnemonic Tip: Memorize the poem.

Taking the Modern English verbs from the poem in order gives us examples, in order, from the seven Old English Strong Verb classes:
Class I: bite = bitan
Class II: fly = fleon
Class III: spring = springan
Class IV: come = cuman
Class V: give = giefan
Class VI: take = tacan
Class VII: hold = healdan

Unfortunately, different grammar books use different conventions in numbering the verb classes. Some use Roman numerals as we do, but others use Arabic numerals. When in doubt, look at the table of abbreviations that usually appears either at the beginning of the book or the beginning of the book's glossary.

If you learn the principle parts of each of these verbs, you'll have the Strong Verb system.
Since strong verb classes are based upon a word's vowel or diphthong, you'll be able to match new words with the patterns you've memorized. For example, if you encounter the word "dreogan" ("to endure"), you'll notice that the diphthong "eo" is the same as the diphthong in "fleon." You'll then know that "dreogan," like "fleon," is a class 2 strong verb and follows that particular paradigm.


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