Reading and writing are types of human speech activity, and reading and writing skills are speech skills . They are formed in inextricable unity with other types of speech activity - with oral statements, auditory perception of someone else's speech, internal speech.
Any speech action requires the presence of several components: a) the one who makes the speech;
b) the person to whom the statement is addressed;
c) needs (motives): for one - to handle speech, and for the other - to perceive it.
In this regard, the child should be taught to perform each of these roles as best as possible and to successfully change roles. When children arrive at school, they are faced with the task of learning to read and write (forms of written speech), and continuing to learn to speak and listen (forms of oral speech). Speech activity is impossible without need (motive). Before speaking, a person answers the questions: who to speak?, why to speak?, how to speak?, what to speak about?. Consequently, teaching elementary reading and writing (learning to read and write) should be structured so that the speech activity of schoolchildren is caused by close and understandable motives and needs:
— read the answer to the riddle;
— find out what is written under the picture;
— read the word so that your comrades can hear;
— find out the letter to read the word;
— write down the words, the answer to the riddle, etc.
Learning to read and write involves various types of speech and mental activity: lively conversations, stories, observations, guessing riddles, retelling, recitation. These types of work contribute to the creation of speech situations that comprehend the processes of reading and writing, contributing to the formation of speech skills - reading and writing skills.
What is the essence of reading and writing, what is their mechanism? All information that a person uses in his activities is encoded, that is, each unit of meaning corresponds to a conventional sign, or code unit.
Linguistic foundations of literacy teaching methods.
Our writing is audible, therefore, there is a need for an intermediate stage - translating graphic signs into sounds when reading or sounds into letters when writing.
English writing is sound (phonemic). This means that each basic sound (phoneme) in the graphic system of the language corresponds to its own sign - a letter (grapheme ). Therefore, the methodology for teaching literacy is based on phonetic and graphic systems (phonetics and graphics). The English language has 6 vowel phonemes and 37 consonant phonemes. Strong positions for vowel phonemes are under stress, strong positions for consonant phonemes (except th) are before the vowels A, O, U, I.
