2. Laos
Over the past 15 years, Laos seems to have gained from AFTA. First, as one of the least
developed countries in ASEAN, Laos has weak institutional capacity, a lack of human and
technical resources, and limited leverage to undertake FTA negotiations with the region’s
larger economies. The countryhas relied on ASEAN for concluding FTAs with the region’s
larger economies. Accessing the more than one billion people in China and increasing income
per capita through an ASEAN-China FTA, for instance, is a great market opportunity for
Laos. Second, reducing tariff rates to zero under AFTA can be an important step for Laos to
prepare itself for WTO accession. Finally, further deepening of economic integration in
ASEAN countries through AFTA and an AEC would enhance Laos’ trade competitiveness
and attract more FDI inflows. The rising exports and FDI inflows coupled with other market
reforms would constitute more rapid growth in Laos, and thereby reduce income differences
between Laos and ASEAN-6 (Menon, 2012).Although the benefits of growth driven by trade
and investment have gone disproportionately to the non-poor and inequality has increased,
they can be a significant tool to fight poverty in Laos (Fane, 2006).
However, there are many potential costs associated with joining AFTA and ASEAN-plus
FTAs. The nascent industries in Laos would be severely affected. An evaluation of the impact
of the ASEAN–China FTA on industries in Laos by Leebouapao et al. (2012) indicates that
price competitiveness in three industries—namely, wood processing, cement, and motorcycle
assembly—would fall substantially if tariffs are completely removed. Moreover, trade
liberalization in ASEAN will stimulate the output of each country within the region
according to their comparative advantage (Ariyasajjakorn et al., 2009). Given its small size
and poor physical and human capital, Laos would seem to get fewer benefits compared to
other member countries.
In conclusion, the relationship between AFTA and economic development in Laos remains
controversial among researchers. If trade liberalization and the ensuing increase in foreign
trade do have merits in alleviating poverty as many contend, then what has happened in Laos
during the past 15 years deserves a careful examination in the context of AFTA.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |