5
Speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
Vowels are sounds of pure
musical tone while consonants may be either sounds in which noise prevails over tone
(noise consonants) or sounds in which tone prevails over noise (sonorants).
The single sound of speech is called a
phoneme
. A phoneme is the smallest undivided
unit of a language. There are 44 phonemes in English: 20 vowel phonemes and 24
consonant phonemes.
Key to Phonetic Symbols
Vowels
Consonants
Symbol
Examples
Symbol
Examples
[ i: ]
eat see
[ b ]
bed about
[
ɪ
]
it sit
[ d ]
do side
[ e ]
end
pen
[ f ]
fill safe
[ æ ]
apple black
[
ɡ
]
good big
[
ɑ
:
]
arm part
[ h ]
hat behind
[
]
opposite stop
[ j ]
yes you
[
:
]
always more
[ k ]
cat week
[ u ]
would stood
[ l ]
lose allow
[ u:]
you choose
[ m ]
me lamp
[
ʌ
]
up luck
[ n ]
no any
[
ə
:
]
early bird
[ p ]
put stop
[
ə
]
ago doctor
[ r ]
run around
[e
ɪ
]
eight day
[ s ]
soon us
[
ə
u]
open phone
[ t ]
talk last
[a
ɪ
]
eyes drive
[ v ]
very live
[au]
out now
[ w ]
win swim
[
ɪ
]
boy join
[ z ]
zoo loves
[
ɪə
]
ear near
[
ʃ
]
ship push
[e
ə
]
air wear
[
Ʒ
]
measure usual
[u
ə
]
sure tourist
[
ŋ
]
sing hoping
[
ʧ
]
cheap catch
[ θ ]
thin bath
[
ð
]
then other
[
ʤ
]
June age
The ABC Song
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Q R S T U V W X Y and Z
This is called the alphabet
Which we never must forget.
6
Phonetic drills
1)
Practice the following.
a)
pea
port
happy
map
tea
talk
city
sit
key
coat
lucky
silk
b) thin
path
they
bath
thick
mother
that
smooth
theme
tooth
this
Ω
2)
Match the words in each group that contain the same vowel sound:
watch
good
just
push
blood
book
looks
stopped
got
lunch
not
long
shut
stuck
put
cough
cook
cut
Ω
3)
Repeat the words in box A, then the words in box B.
A.
bill
tin
B.
bell
ten
fill
will
fell
well
lift
spill
left
spell
lit
till
let
tell
4)
Read the words given below. The boldface words in the following phrases and
sentences should be pronounced as accurately as possible.
1.
Leave
me
alone
.
9. The
crew
had no
clue
of the storm.
2.
lots
of
luck
10.
His
cousin
comes
from New
Zealand
.
3.
Please
believe
me.
11. There are
zebras
and
lions
at the
zoo
.
4.
See you
tomorrow
.
12.
Tell
the
teacher.
5.
I’m
very
sorry
.
13.
Tim bought two tickets.
6.
Carry that
load
down the
road
.
14.
Send dad
a
birthday card.
7.
Jerry
likes
jelly
and bread.
15. What
did
you
order
for
dinner?
8.
We had a
fright
on that
flight
.
16. The baby got his
third tooth
this
month.
Questions for Discussion
1.
What organs of speech do you know?
2.
The roof of the mouth is divided into…?
3.
What are passive organs of speech?
4.
What are active organs of speech?
5.
What is a sound division?
6.
What is a vowel?
7.
What is a consonant?
8.
What is a phoneme?
9.
How many vowel phonemes do you know?
7
10.
How many consonant phonemes do you know?
SELF – TEST
There are three answers after each question. Only one is correct.
Choose the correct
answer.
1.
How many letters are there in the English alphabet?
a)
23 b) 36 c) 26
2.
What is a phoneme?
a)
a unit of a language
b)
the biggest unit of a language
c)
the smallest undivided unit of a language
3.
How many phonemes are there in English?
a)
40
b) 44
c) 48
4.
How many vowel phonemes are there in English?
a)
10 b) 20
c) 40
5.
How many consonant phonemes are there in English?
a) 26
b) 44
c) 24
Unit 2. The Classification of English Vowel Phonemes
A vowel
is a voiced sound produced in the mouth with no obstruction to the air
stream. The English vowel phonemes are divided into two large groups: monophthongs
and diphthongs.
A monophthong
is a pure (unchanging) vowel sound. There are 12 monophthongs in
English. They are as follows: [i
:
], [
ɪ
], [e], [æ], [
ɑ
:
], [
], [
:
]
, [
u
],
[u:],
[
ʌ
], [
ə
:], [
ə
].
Two of them [i
:
] and [u:] are diphthongised (diphthongoids).
A diphthong
is a complex sound consisting of two vowel elements pronounced so as to
form a single syllable. The first element of an English diphthong is called the nucleus. The
second element is called the glide (it is weak). There are eight diphthongs in English. They
are: [
e
ɪ
], [
u
ə
], [
a
ɪ
], [
a
u
], [
ɪ
], [
ɪə
], [
e
ə
], [
ə
u
].
The English monophthongs may be classified according to the following principles:
I.
According to the
tongue position
II.
According to the lip position
III.
According to the length of the vowel
IV.
According to the degree of tenseness
According to the position of the bulk
of the tongue vowels are divided into 5 groups:
(A)
front
[
ɪ
:], [e], [æ] and the nucleus of [
e
ə
]
(B)
front – retracted
[
ɪ
] and the nuclei of the diphthongs [
a
ɪ
] and [
au
]
(C)
central
[
], [
ə
:], [
ə
] and the nucleus of [
ə
u
]
8
(D)
back
[
I
], [
:], [u:] and the nucleus of the diphthong [
ɪ
]
(E)
back – advanced
[
ɑ
:], [u]
According to the height
of the raised part of the tongue
vowels are divided into 3
groups:
(A) Close or High
[
ɪ
:
], [
ɪ
], [u:], [u]
(B)
Open or Low
[æ], [
ɑ
:], [
], [
], and the nuclei of [a
ɪ
], [au]
(C) Mid – Open or Mid [e], [
ə
:]
,
[
ə
], [
:] and the nuclei of [e
ə
], [
ə
u]
According to the lip position
vowels may be rounded and unrounded.
Rounded vowels are [
], [
:], [u], [u:] and nuclei of [
ə
u], [
ɪ
].
Unrounded vowels are [
i
:], [
ɪ
], [e], [æ], [
ɑ
:], [
], [
ə
:], [
ə
].
According to the length
vowels may be long and short.
Long vowels are [i
:
], [a:], [
:], [u:], [
ə
:]
Short vowels are [
ɪ
], [e], [æ], [u], [
], [
], [
ə
]
According to the degree of tenseness
vowels are divided into tense and lax.
All the English long vowels are tense [i:], [
ɑ
:], [
:], [u:], [
ə
:]
All the English short vowels are lax [
ɪ
], [e], [æ], [
], [u], [
], [
ə
]
As the American and British vowel
systems are not identical, two separate tables are
provided to illustrate the difference.
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