society. Smith defined "mutual sympathy" as the basis of moral sentiments. He
based his explanation, not on a special "moral sense" as the Third Lord
Shaftesbury and Hutcheson had done, nor on utility as Hume did, but on mutual
sympathy, a term best captured in modern parlance by the 20th-century concept
of empathy, the capacity to recognise feelings that are being experienced by
another being.
François Quesnay, one of the leaders of the physiocratic school of thought
Following the publication of
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
, Smith became so
popular that many wealthy students left their schools in other countries to enroll at
Glasgow to learn under Smith.
[36]
At this time, Smith began to give more attention
to jurisprudence and economics in his lectures and less to his theories of
morals.
[37]
For example, Smith lectured that the cause of increase in national wealth
is labour, rather than the nation's quantity of gold or silver, which is the basis
for mercantilism, the economic theory that dominated Western European economic
policies at the time.
[38]
In 1762, the University of Glasgow conferred on Smith the title of Doctor of
Laws (LL.D.).
[39]
At the end of 1763, he obtained an offer from British chancellor
of the Exchequer Charles Townshend—who had been introduced to Smith by
David Hume—to tutor his stepson, Henry Scott, the young Duke of Buccleuch as
preparation for a career in international politics. Smith resigned from his
professorship in 1764 to take the tutoring position. He subsequently attempted to
return the fees he had collected from his students because he had resigned partway
through the term, but his students refused.
[40]
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