Allmark-Kent 70
was built on the exploitation of wild animals, and as Seton and Roberts were
writing, much of the population (both rural and urban) were still reliant on that
continued exploitation. It is unsurprising, then, that efforts
to protect wild
animals were negligible. This chapter will go on to demonstrate the vital roles
that Seton, Roberts, and their wild animal stories played in the promotion of
both conservation and animal protection.
As I have demonstrated, critics
have tended to underestimate, overlook,
or directly undermine the wild animal story’s complex interactions with the
scientific study of animals and the work advocating their protection. Yet Seton
and Roberts were clear and direct about their wishes to engage and educate
the public on both these fronts. For instance, Seton dedicated
Lives of the
Hunted
(1901) to “the preservation of our wild creatures” (3), and I have already
mentioned Roberts’ hope that
Haunters of the Silences
(1907) might contribute
“something of value” to the “question of animal psychology” (vi). Thus, using the
practical zoocriticism framework
outlined in Chapter One, I will now re-
contextualize the wild animal story in relation to each of the three key factors,
loosely collected under the terms ‘literature,’ ‘advocacy,’ and ‘science.’ For the
sake of coherence, and despite my interest in their complex interactions, I will
handle each in a separate section of this chapter.
Although rather cumbersome, I use the specific title
‘realistic’ wild animal
story
intentionally to help reinforce the parameters of a poorly-defined genre.
On the whole, there is little consensus about how to classify these texts. Should
it be restricted to Seton
’s and Roberts’ stories, or is it a whole genre? Should it
include the other authors targeted in the Nature Fakers controversy? If so, is it
still a Canadian form of writing? Even the critics that I have discussed here do
not consistently designate Seton
’s and Roberts’ work as ‘wild animal stories.’
Allmark-Kent 71
For instance, Dean and Gold’s treatment of Roberts’ writing in isolation leads to
its
identification as simply “animal stories” (Gold 22).
Likewise, Scholtmeijer
does not acknowledge the genre; instead she describes North American
“[s]tories about animals in the wild” (94), which allows her to broaden the
classification considerably. Alternatively, Atwood opts for the specific title, as I
have done and yet she uses it to encompass a long list
of authors
—including
Graeme Gi
bson, whose ‘failure of knowing the animal’ narrative,
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