Theme: Noun Group : de-11-22
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Self study Theme: Noun Group :DE-11-22 Passed: Abdiaxatov Behruz Accepted: Yaxshiyeva Zebo Types of nouns Noun A noun is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas Lexical categories (parts of speech) are defined in terms of the ways in which their members combine with other kinds of expressions. The syntactic rules for nouns differ between languages. In English, nouns are those words which can occur with articles and attributive adjectives and can function as the head of a noun phrase. “As far as we know, every language makes a grammatical distinction that looks like a noun verb distinction. History of Noun Word classes (parts of speech) were described by Sanskrit grammarians from at least the 5th century BC. In Yāska’s Nirukta, the noun (nāma) is one of the four main categories of words defined.[4] The Ancient Greek equivalent was ónoma (ὄνομα), referred to by Plato in the Cratylus dialog and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in The Art of Grammar, attributed to Dionysius Thrax (2nd century BC). The term used in Latin grammar was nōmen. All of these terms for “noun” were also words meaning “name”.[5] The English word noun is derived from the Latin term, through the Anglo-Norman noun. The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical forms that they take. In Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by gender and inflected for case and number. Because adjectives share these three grammatical categories, adjectives are placed in the same class as nouns. Similarly, the Latin nōmen includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the English word noun, the two types being distinguished as nouns substantive and nouns adjective (or substantive nouns and adjective nouns, or short substantives and adjectives). (The word nominal is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.) Many European languages use a cognate of the word substantive as the basic term for noun (for example, Spanish sustantivo, “noun”). Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation s. Or sb. Instead of n., which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word substantive to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and noun phrases (multiword units, also called noun equivalents).[6] It can also be used as a counterpart to attributive when distinguishing between a noun being used as the head (main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a noun adjunct. For example, the noun knee can be said to be used substantively in my knee hurts, but attributively in the patient needed knee replacement.
Definition Nouns have sometimes been defined in terms of the grammatical categories to which they are subject (classed by gender, inflected for case and number). Such definitions tend to be language-specific, since nouns do not have the same categories in all languages. Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their semantic properties (their meanings). Nouns are described as words that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, quantity, etc. However, this type of definition has been criticized by contemporary linguists as being uninformative.[7] There are several instances of English-language nouns which do not have any reference: drought, enjoyment, finesse, behalf (as found in on behalf of), dint (in dint of), and sake (for the sake of).[8][9][10] Moreover, there may be a relationship similar to reference in the case of other parts of speech: the verbs to rain or to mother; many adjectives, like red; and there is little difference between the adverb gleefully and the noun-based phrase with glee.[note 2] Linguists often prefer to define nouns (and other lexical categories) in terms of their formal properties. These include morphological information, such as what prefixes or suffixes they take, and also their syntax – how they combine with other words and expressions of particular types. Such definitions may nonetheless still be language-specific since syntax as well as morphology varies between languages. For example, in English, it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at the start of this article), but this would not apply in Russian, which has no definite articles. A functional approach defines a noun as a word that can be the head of a nominal phrase, i.e. A phrase with referential function, without needing to go through morphological transformation.
What is a Noun? The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples: person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary place: home, office, town, countryside, America thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey Note that any of the above can also be referred to by a pronoun. And note that names like John or America are called “proper nouns”. The problem with the simple definition above is that it does not explain why “love” is a noun but can also be a verb. Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its: ending
Examples The cat sat on the chair. Please hand in your assignments by the end of the week. Cleanliness is next to godliness. Plato was an influential philosopher in ancient Greece. Revel the night, rob, murder, and commit/The oldest sins the newest kind of ways? Henry IV Part 2, act 4 scene 5. A noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective. Verbs and adjectives cannot. In the following, an asterisk (*) in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical. The name (name is a noun: can co-occur with a definite article the) *the baptise (baptise is a verb: cannot co-occur with a definite article) constant circulation (circulation is a noun: can co-occur with the attributive adjective constant) *constant circulate (circulate is a verb: cannot co-occur with the attributive adjective constant) a fright (fright is a noun: can co-occur with the indefinite article a) *an afraid (afraid is an adjective: cannot co-occur with the article a) terrible fright (the noun fright can co-occur with the adjective terrible) *terrible afraid (the adjective afraid cannot co-occur with the adjective terrible) 1.Noun ending There are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example: -ity → nationality -ment → appointment -ness → happiness -ation → relation -hood → childhood But this is not true for the word endings of all nouns. For example, the noun “spoonful” ends in –ful, but the adjective “careful” also ends in –ful. 2.Position in sentence We can often recognise a noun by its position in the sentence. Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such): a relief
a great relief a peaceful afternoon the tall, Indian doctor this difficult word my brown and white house such crass stupidity 3.Function in a sentence Nouns have certain functions (jobs) in a sentence, for example: subject of verb: Doctors work hard. Object of verb: He likes coffee. Subject and object of verb: Teachers teach students. But the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun. It could be a pronoun or a phrase. In the sentence “My doctor works hard”, the noun is “doctor” but the subject is “My doctor”. Common vs Proper nouns An important distinction is made between two types of nouns, common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns are more general. A common noun refers to a class of person, place, thing, or concept, but not to someone or something specific. Proper nouns are the names of specific people, places, things, or concepts. They are always capitalized to distinguish them from common nouns. Examples: Common and proper nouns Anya is traveling to France by train. Of the three children, Lola has the strongest grasp of geometry. Countable and Uncountable nouns Another important distinction is between countable and uncountable nouns: Countable nouns (also called count nouns) refer to things that can be counted. They can be preceded by an indefinite article or a number, and they can be pluralized. Most nouns are countable (e.g., “fact(s)” or “misnomer(s)“). Uncountable nouns (also called noncount nouns or mass nouns) refer to things that can’t be counted. They should never be preceded by an indefinite article or a number, and they cannot be pluralized (e.g., “information” or “advice“). A common mistake in English is treating uncountable nouns as if they were countable by pluralizing them or using an indefinite article. The solution to these problems is usually to rephrase using a related term or phrase that is countable. Examples: Mistakes with the uncountable noun “research” My previous two researches indicated that … My previous two studies indicated that … It’s important to account for bias in a research. It’s important to account for bias in research. It’s important to account for bias in a research project. Concrete vs. Abstract nouns A distinction is often made between concrete nouns and abstract nouns. Concrete nouns refer to physical objects, places, or individuals: things or people that can be observed with the senses, such as “apple,” “hill,” “zebra,” and “Dorothy.”
A collective noun is a word used to refer to a group of people or things, such as “team,” “band,” or “herd.” A collective noun can also be a proper noun—for example, the name of a specific company or band. A collective noun may appear to be singular (e.g., “team”) or plural (e.g., “The Beatles”) in form, and there’s some disagreement about whether they should be treated grammatically as singular or plural. The following applies for US vs. UK English. In US English, it’s standard to treat collective nouns as singular, regardless of whether they look plural or not.
My favorite band is Fleetwood Mac, but Talking Heads is pretty good, too. Thank you for your attention! Yüklə 93,67 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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