Theory: An Explanation of how or why something occurs

Theory: An Explanation of how or why something occurs.

• Theory: An Explanation of how or why something occurs.
• Functions of a Theory:
• Describe
• Explain .
• Predict.
• Control.

• Classical approaches to organizational management and early organizational theories were designed to predict and control behavior in organizations.

Scientific Management Theory “Fredric Taylor”

• Scientific Management Theory “Fredric Taylor”

• Administrative Theory “ Henri Fayol”

• Bureaucracy Theory “ Max Weber”

A theory that focused on finding the “one best way” to perform and manage tasks.

• A theory that focused on finding the “one best way” to perform and manage tasks.

• Human Relation Theory “ Elton Mayo”

Fredric Taylor: “ The father of Scientific Management”

• Fredric Taylor: “ The father of Scientific Management”

• Primary focus: Tasks.

• Focused on the manufacturing environment.

• Taylor’s 4 Management Principles:

• Develop a science for each element of an individual's work.
• Scientifically select, train and develop the worker.
• Heartily cooperate with the workers.
• Divide work & responsibility equally between managers & workers.
• Improve production efficiency through work studies, tools, economic incentives. Determined the quickest ways to perform tasks.

Henri Fayol:

• Henri Fayol:

• Primary focus: Management.

• Emphasized the flow of information and how organizations should operate.

• Fayol’s Elements of Management:

• Planning. Organizing.
• Command. Control.
• Coordination.

Fourteen Principles of Management (Tools for Accomplishing Objectives)

• Fourteen Principles of Management (Tools for Accomplishing Objectives)

• Division of work
• Authority and Responsibility
• Discipline
• Unity of Command
• Unity of Direction
• Subordination
• Remuneration
• Centralization
• Scalar Chain
• Order
• Equity
• Stability of Tenure
• Initiative
• Esprit de Corps

Max Weber

• Max Weber

• Primary focus: Organizational Structure

• described an ideal Bureaucracy as a theory of administration based on rational-legal authority systems

• Weber’s 6 Principles of Management:

• Division of labor: Organizations need to appear rational and so gain legitimacy, in order to secure resources and support, and to inspire confidence and trust.
• Authority hierarchy .
• Formal selection.
• Formal rules & regulations.
• Impersonality.
• Career orientation.

Concerned with describing the ideal structure of an organization.

• Concerned with describing the ideal structure of an organization.

• Cornerstone: existence of written rules.

• The rational application of written rules ensures the promotion of legitimate authority and the effective and efficient functioning of the organization.

Behavioral Theory Of Organization.

• Behavioral Theory Of Organization.

• Recognized employees as individuals with concrete, human needs, as parts of work groups, and as members of a larger society.

Elton Mayo

• Elton Mayo

• Primary focus: Human Factors (Human Relations).

• In order to increase Productivity:

• Teamwork
• Joint Supervision.