5
division into Sweden, Denmark and Norway
The earliest written records in
Old Danish, Old Norwegian
and
Old Swedish
date
from the 13th c. In addition to the three
languages on the mainland, the North
Germanic subgroup includes two more languages:
Icelandic
and
Faroese
, whose
origin goes back to the Viking Age. In the Faroe Islands the West Norwegian
dialects brought by the Scandinavians developed into separate
language called
Faroese, which nowadays is spoken by 30000 people. Iceland was practically
uninhabited at the time of the first settlements. (9th c.) Their West Germanic
dialect grew into an independed language, Icelandic. As compared with other
North Germanic languages Icelandic has retained a more archaic system, that is
why the study of Old Icelandic literature takes a central place for philologists.
Modern Icelandic is very much like Old Icelandic and Old North. At present it is
spoken by 200000 people. Old Icelandic written records date from the 12th and
13th c., of which the most important are:
1)
Younger Edda
- a textbook for
young poets written by
Snorri Sturluson,
2)
Elder Edda
- a collection of heroic songs of the 12th c.,
3)
Old Icelandic sagas
- the retellings of Scandinavian history and folktales in
narrative form.
Jafnan er hálfsogþ saga, ef einn segir.
A tale is but half told, when only one person tells it.
(Grettis saga - The Saga of Grettir the Strong)
All Old Icelandic texts are written in the Icelandic alphabet which of course has its
origins in the common Roman-type alphabet used throughout most of the
western
world, but the Futhark Runes have also had their considerable influence on its
appearance. All those accents over the vowels and the "þ", the "ð" and the "Æ "
have a profound influence on how Icelandic text looks like. First texts written in
Old Icelandic date back to XII c. In XIIIc. Skaldic poetry - the collection of poems
by the poets some of whom lived in IX c. was written down. These poems came
down to us as quotations in the textbook of skaldic
art called Younger Edda and
composed by Snorri Sturluson. Snorri was a famous Icelandic scholar, poet and
politician. The book has three parts. The first part gives the description of the
mythological world. The second contains the commentary on the use of the poetic
language and its devices among which the most representative is
kenning
In the song in honour of konnung Harald kennings help to create a specific poetic
code which is hard to decipher without the knowledge of the clues:
Hilmir reð a heiði,
Hjaldrseiðs, þrimu, galdra
Oðr við æskimeiða
Ey vebrautar, heyja
Князь решил на пустоши
Битвы трески
в сражение
заклинания
Непримеримый к
жаждущему древу
Всегда
священного пути
вступить;
6
Aðr gnapsolar Gripnis
Gnystærandi foeri
Rausnarsamr
til rimmu
Riðviggs lagar skiðum.*
(IXc.)
До того как
возвышающегося солнца Грипнира
Шума укрепитель
повел
Великолепный в битву
Верхового жеребца моря лыжи
( line-to-line translation)
If we decipher all the kennings the meaning will be as following:
Конунг, всегда непримиримый к мужу (т.е. врагу), сражался на пустоши, до
того как муж (т.е. он сам) повел, великолепный, корабли в бой.
Конунг-*hilmir - от hjalm 'шлем' т.е. наделяющий дружинников шлемами.
Lagar skið - лыжи моря
In the lines discussed we find two complicated kennings meaning 'man' or
'warrior':
1)
Hjaldr-seiðs;,
треска битвы
ve-brautar
священная дорога
galdra
заклинание
æski-meiða
жаждущее древо
Жаждущее древо заклинания священного пути трески битвы
Thus we have: Треска битвы→меч, дорога меча→ щит, заклинание щита→
битва, жаждущее древо битвы→ муж
2)
Gripnis rið-viggs
верховой жеребец Грипнира
gnap-solar
возвышаюшееся солнце
gny-stærandi
укрепитель шума
Укрепитель шума возвышающегося солнца верхового жеребца Грипнира
Which again stands for: верховой жеребец Грипнира → корабль,
возвышающееся солнце корабля→ щит, шум щита→ битва, укрепитель
битвы→ муж
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