Тупроқшунослик асослари

Elyuvial (yuvilma) gorizont (A2) tuproq mineral qismining intensiv parchalanishi va bu mahsulotlarning pastki qatlamlarga yuvilib ketilishi jarayonlari natijasida paydo bo’ladi. U ochroq tusli. Illyuvial yoki o’tuvchi (oraliq) gorizont (V) elyuvial yoki gumus (chirindi) li gorizont ostida hosil bo’lib, ona jinslariga o’tuvchi qatlamhisoblanadi. Elyuvial gorizontli tuproqlarda illyuvial gorizont yaxshi shakllanib, unda yuvilgan moddalar (tuproq paydo bo’lish mahsulotlari) qisman ana shu qatlamda tuplana boshlaydi. SHuning uchun shimilma gorizont ham deyiladi.
Elyuvial ( washed ) horizon ( A2 ) of soil mineral part of the intensive fragmentation and lower parts of these products will be eroded as a result of the process of withdrawal . He Ochre shade . Illyuvial or passing ( intermediate ) horizon ( B ) elyuvial or humus ( humus ) formed under the horizon , the bedrock passing qatlamhisoblanadi . Elyuvial horizontal illyuvial soil horizon formed , then washed ( soil ) , as part of this layer tillering . So it is also known to stick to the horizon .
	Tuproqning rangi (tusi) ko’zga yaqqol tashlanib turadigan eng muhim morfologik belgilardan biridir. Tuproqning rangi (tusi) unda kechadigan jarayonlarni ifodalab, tuproqlarni mvayyan tiplarga kiritish imkonini beradi. SHuning uchun ham aksariyat tuproqlar uning rangi, tusiga kura nomlanadi (podzol, qizil va sariq, qora, bo’z tuproqlar va h.k.)	Soil color ( color ) clearly is one of the most important morphological characters . Soil color ( color ) , then the process is referred to certain types of soil amendments . For this reason , most of the color of its soil , has become known according to ( podzol , red and yellow , black , gray - brown soils , etc. )
	Tuproqning mexanik tarkibi. Dala sharoitida urganilayotganda mexanik tarkibi tashqi belgilari asosida va barmoqlar orasida ezgilab taxminan qancha qum va loy zarrachalari borligiga qarab aniqlanadi.	Mechanical composition of the soil . Urganilayotganda in the field of mechanical fingers on the basis of the content of exteрНal signs and in summer about how much will be determined based on the presence of sand and clay particles .
	Tuproq strukturasi. Tuproqning alohida agregat bulaklar (donachalar) ga ajralib ketishiga tuproq strukturasi deyiladi. Bu agregatlar turli mexanik elementlarning bir-biriga birikishidan hosil bo’ladi.	The structure of the soil . Soil aggregate pine ( grains ) is called away from the soil structure . It aggregates various mechanical elements are formed by uniting with each other .
	Tuproq qovushmasi - tuproq zichligi va G’ovakligining tashqi ifodasidir.	Soil - soil density and G’ovakligining exteрНal manifestation .
	J u d a z i ch q o v u sh m a - tuproq chuqurini belkurak bilan kavlashning deyarli imkoni yuq, misrang yoki metindan foydalanishga to’g’ri keladi.	Very Set it in a pit with a shovel of soil digged virtually no lines or use the firm .
	Z i ch q o v u sh m a - chuqur ketmon yoki belkurak yordamida ancha qiyinlik bilan kavlanadi. Bunday zichlik og’ir qumoq va soz mexanik tarkibli tuproqning illyuvial girizonti uchun xarakterli	Deep using a hoe or a shovel mining more difficult . Such a concentration of heavy loams and loamy mechanical composition of soil illyuvial characteristic girizonti
	G o v a k q o v u sh m a - chuqur oson kovlanadi, belkurak bilan tashlangan tuproq mayda bulaklarga sochilib ketadi. Uvoqli donador, strukturali qumoq va soz tuproqlar hamda yetiltirib ishlov berilgan tuproqlarning haydalma qatlami uchun xos.	G o c a k q o c Set it easy m deep in the ground , out of the soil with a shovel small bunches of pine . Uvak - grained , structured loamy and loamy soils and etiltirib expelled from the treated soil layer to the original .
	S o ch i l m a q o v u sh m a - qumli va qumloq tarkibli tuproqlarning quruq haydalma gorizontlari uchun xarakterli. Qovushma - tuproqni agronomik jihatdan baholashning muhim kursatkichidir. Tuproqning yangi yaralmasi va qushilmasi. Tuproq paydo bo’lish jarayonlarida vujudga keladigan va tuproq gorizontlarida tuplanadigan turli shakl va kimyoviy tarkibli moddalarga ya n g i ya r a l m a deb ataladi. Tuproqda boradigan fizikaviy, kimyoviy hamda biologik jarayonlar natijasida o’simlik va hayvonot olamining bevosita ta’siridan hosil bo’lishiga kura k i m yo v i y va b i o l o g i k ya n g i ya r a l a m a l a r ajratiladi.	S ch o i l m a q m o c Set it in a dry, sandy and sandy loam soil is expelled from the horizontal characteristic. Her assessment of soil and agronomic parameters. The new damned of the soil and qushilmasi. Soil formation processes and chemical composition of the soil horizons together a variety of shapes and substances Oh ya n d i r a l m a title. Soil physical, chemical and biological processes of flora and fauna as a result of either the direct impact that a variant k i m c i y b i g n o l o g i k ya ya r a l m a l a r off.
	Tuproq jonivorlarining hayot-faoliyati va o’simliklar ildizining rivojlanishi davrida paydo bo’lgan joylarda har xil organik birikmalar hamda ayrim jonivorlar organizmi orqali chiqarilgan moddalar biologik yangi yaralma deb ataladi.	Soil life and activities during the development of the roots of plants and animals come from areas of different organic compounds , and some of the animals as the creation of new biological substances produced by the body .
	Qushilma deb, tuproq paydo bo’lish jarayonlari bilan boGlik bulmagan, lekin keyinchalik tashqaridan aralashib qushilib qolgan organik va mineral moddalarga aytiladi. Hayvonlarning suyagi, turli chiGanoqlar, o’simlik qoldiqlari biologik qushilma bo’lib, tosh, shag’al va boshqa jism bulaklari mineral qushilma hisoblanadi. Bulardan tashqari kumir bulakchalari, uy hayvonlari suyaklari, uy-ro’zGor buyumlari siniqlari (sopol va chinni idish bulaklari) va insonlarning suyaklari kabi narsalar arxeologik qushilmalardir.	The mill , in connection with the processes of the soil appears to be moderate , but later said outside intervention qushilib organic and mineral substances . Mill plant remains in animal bone chiGanoqlar biological , stone , gravel and other objects pine forest , mineral mill . In addition , committee bulakchalari , pets , bones , pieces of household goods ro’zGor ( ceramic and porcelain cup pine ) and archeological sites such as the bones of the people qushilmalardir .
	Mustaqil tabiiy jism - tuproq qattiq (mineral va organik zarrachalar), suyuq (tuproq eritmasi), gazmison (tuproq havosi) va tirik jonivorlar (tuproq organizmlari) kabi bir-biri bilan bevosita bog’liq bo’lgan turli qismlardan iborat ko’p fazali dispers (turli zarrachalar tuplamidan tashkil topgan) sistemadir.	An independent body - the soil ( mineral and organic particles ) liquid ( soil solution ) , gazmison ( soil air ) and live animals ( soil organisms ) , which are directly connected with one another in different parts of the multi - phase dispersed ( particles consist of kits ) system .
	Tuproqning mineral qismi uning massasiga nisbatan 80-90 foizni tashkil etib, organogen (torfli) tuproqlarda esa 1-10 foiz atrofida bo’ladi. Turli tog’ jinslaridagi mineral zarrachalar tuproq paydo bo’lish jarayonlari natijasida tuproqqa o’tib tuplanadi.Turli omillar, jumladan o’simlik va mikroorganizmlar ta’sirida mineral qismi o’zgarib tuproqqa aylanayotgan G’ovak holdagi tog’ jinslariga tuproq paydo qiluvchi yoki ona jinslar deb ataladi.	Soil mineral part of its mass by 80-90 % , we'll see ( peat ) soils is around 1-10 per cent . Rock mineral particles as a result of soil formation processes in the soil after tuplanadi.Turli factors , including the influence of microorganisms , plants and allocation of mineral part of the soil , rotating hollow rocks called the soil or rock .
	Elyuvial jinslar va elyuviy – tub jinslar nurash maxsulotlarining nurash qobig’ida, o’z joyida qolib to’planishidan hosil bo’ladi.	Elyuvial rocks and boulders of rock weathering products weathering crust , formed by accumulation of remains in place
	Delyuvial jinslar yoki delyuviy deb, nurash mahsulotlarining yomg’ir va erigan qor suvlari ta’sirida qiyaliklarning quyi qismlari va tog’ yonbaGirlariga keltirib, to’planishidan hosil bo’ladigan yotqiziqlarga aytiladi.	Diluvial rocks or delyuviy , weathering products of rain and melted snow slope under the influence of the lower parts and the resulting accumulation of a mountain yonbaGirlariga the drillcores said .
	Allyuvial yotqiziqlar yoki allyuviy –doimiy oqar suvlar-daryolar faoliyati bilan bog’liq yotqiziqlardir. Toshqinlar natijasida daryo sohillari va daryo bo’ylarida ko’p to’planadi.	Or allyuviy alluvial routine running water and river sediment . As a result of floods along the river bank and the river a lot of balls .
	Prolyuvial yotqiziqlar yoki prolyuviy – tog’li o’lkalarda bahorda erigan qor suvlari va vaqtincha kuchli jala yog’in suvlari-sel oqimlari natijasida hosil bo’ladi. Prolyuviy tog’ yonbaGirlari va tog’oldi yoyilma konuslarida keng tarqalgan.	Proluvial deposited or prolyuviy mountainous parts of melting snow and heavy rains in the spring of precipitation waters caused by flood flows . Prolyuviy widely spread yonbaGirlari mountains and foothills of the cone .
	Mo’zlik yotqiziqlari va morenalar – mo’zliklar keltirib aralash holda yotqizilgan gil, qum, qirrali va silliqlangan shag’al toshlardan iborat jinslardir.	Mo’zlik bed and Moreno - mo’zliklar admitted to the mixture of clay , sand , gravel - faceted and polished stones pants .
	Flyuvioglyatsial yoki mo’zlik suvlari yotqiziqlari – mo’z suvlarning kuchli oqimi bilan bog’liq. Bu oqimlar o’z yulida uchragan morenalar va boshqa xil yotqiziqlar (jumladan, tub jinslar)ni yuvib ketib yotqizgan bo’ladi. Mo’zliklar atrofida asosan yumaloqlangan yirik shag’al va yirik qum, qumloqlar to’planadi.	Flyuvioglyatsial or mo’zlik water bed - mo’z a strong flow of water . The current roller Moreno and other types of deposits are affected ( including the underlying rocks ) to wash off and will be laid . Mo’zliklar large rounded gravel and large sand amid balls .
	Lyoss va lyossimon yotqiziqlar. Bularga lyoss va lyossimon qumoqlar kabi o’ziga xos qator belgilari bilan ajralib turadigan to’rtlamchi darv yotqiziqlari kiradi. Bu jinslar MDH-Evropa qismining janubiy va janubi-sharqiy rayonlarida shimoliy Kavkaz va Urta Osiyoda keng tarqalgan. Lyoss va lyossli jinslarda tabiiy unumdorligi yuqori bo’lgan bo’z tuproqlar, qora, kashtan tuproqlar hosil bo’ladi.	Loess and lyossimon sediments . In addition , loess and lyossimon Loam has a number of distinct brands with QuateрНary Darwin bed . This rock - European part of the CIS in the southeрН and south - easteрН areas of the northeрН Caucasus and Central Asia are common . Loess soils and the high productivity of natural lyossli rock gray , black , chestnut soils are formed .
	Eol yotqiziqlari – shamolning turli tog’ jinslari zarrachalarini uchirib olib ketishi va yotqizishi natijasida hosil bo’ladi. SHamol faoliyati, ayniqsa quruq iqlimli cho’l zonasida kuchli bo’lib qum barxanlari, qum tepachalari, gryada qumlari va mo’’tadil iqlimli dengiz qirGoqlari hamda daryo vodiylarida o’ziga xos qum tepalari –dyunalar shaklidagi releflar yuzaga keladi.	Loess and lyossimon sediments . In addition , loess and lyossimon Loam has a number of distinct brands with QuateрНary Darwin bed . This rock - European part of the CIS in the southeрН and south - easteрН areas of the northeрН Caucasus and Central Asia are common . Loess soils and the high productivity of natural lyossli rock gray , black , chestnut soils are formed .
	Dengiz yotqiziqlari. Bu jinslar qadimgi dengiz o’рНida va to’rtlamchi davrda dengiz transgressiyasi va regressiyasi natijasida hosil bo’lgan yotqiziqlardan iborat. Dengiz yotqiziqlari odatda qatlamli bo’lishi, yaxshi saralanganligi va to’zlarni ko’p saqlashi bilan xarakterlanadi.	Sea floor. Thus the old site and the QuateрНary period , the sea transgressiyasi and regressiyasi the resulting sediment . Typical sea floor layer , characterized by well selected and save a lot of dust .
	Aniq o’g’it qo’llash. Xar bir dala xolatidan kelib chiqqan xolatda o’g’itlash	The precise application of fertilizer and fertilizing each individual state of origin of the case
	O’g’itlashda rangli diagramma. Azotli o’g’itlarga bo’lgan talabini aniqlash	Fertilize the color chart to determine the demand for nitrogen fertilizers
	SPAD-502- Azotli o’g’itlar me’yoriga tuzatish kiritish pribor	SPAD - 502 - nitrogenous fertilizers normal correction equipment
	Aniq qishloq xo’jalik yuritishning tarkibiy qismi. Mineral va organik o’g’itlarni ko’llash; begona o’tlarga qarshi kurash; zararkunandalarga karshi kurash; ekin parvarishini aniq boshkarish; sug’orishni aniq boshkarish.	In the final part of the agricultural activity and plenty of mineral and organic fertilizers ; The fight against weeds ; The fight against pests ; crop care management ; irrigation management
	Organik dexqonchilik. Tabiiy organik va mineral o’g’it yetishtirish xisobiga tuproq unumdorligini oshirish va sifatli xosil yetishtirish.	The organic cultivation of natural , organic and mineral fertilizers to grow crops to improve soil fertility and quality at the expense of dressing .
	Tuproqni muxofazalovchi va resurs tejovchi agrotexnologiyadan foydalanilganda tuparoqdagi fosfor. FosfoрНi o’simlik tomonidan tuproqdan o’zlashtiradigan miqdori ortadi	Soil protection and resource - saving agricultural use tuparoqdagifosfor- increase the amount of phosphorus in the soil by the plant Tradable