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Original research article
Ultrasound images in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and clinical stage of
the disease
Ma
łgorzata Sulima
a
,
⁎
, Wac
ław Nahorski
a
,
b
, Tomasz Gorycki
c
, Wojciech Wo
łyniec
d
, Piotr W
ąż
e
,
Iwona Felczak-Korzybska
a
, Beata Szostakowska
f
, Katarzyna Sikorska
a
,
g
a
Department of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (UCMMiT), Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
b
Department of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
c
Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
d
Department of Occupational, Metabolic and Internal Medicine, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk,
Gdynia, Poland
e
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
f
Department of Tropical Parasitology, Chair of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical
University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
g
Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia,
Poland
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis
Ultrasound classi
fication
A B S T R A C T
Purpose: Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm
Echinococcus multilocularis. Ultrasonography is the method of choice in the initial diagnosis of AE. The aim of the
study is to present the most frequent sonomorphological patterns of lesions in hepatic AE based on the analysis of
ultrasound
findings in patients treated for AE at the University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine
(UCMMiT; Gdynia, Poland), and to establish whether there is a relationship between the clinical stage of AE and
the occurrence of a speci
fic sonomorphological pattern of hepatic lesions.
Patients and methods: We analysed the results of ultrasound examinations of 58 patients hospitalized in the
UCMMiT with probable or certain diagnosis of AE. Liver lesions were assessed according to the classi
fication
developed by researchers from the University Hospital in Ulm (Germany). Statistical analysis was based on the
relationship between the occurrence of a speci
fic sonomorphological pattern of hepatic lesions and the clinical
stage of AE.
Results: The most frequently observed patterns of AE lesions in the liver were the hailstorm and the pseudocystic
patterns. There was no correlation between the clinical stage of the disease and the ultrasonographic appearance
of lesions. There was no statistically signi
ficant relationship between the more frequent occurrences of specific
ultrasonographic patterns of lesions in the liver and radical or non-radical surgery.
Conclusions: The ultrasonographic appearance of the lesion in liver AE cannot determine the therapeutic man-
agement. Treatment plan should be established based on the PMN classi
fication.
1. Introduction
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a parasitic disease caused by the
larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis [
1
]. It is found
in the northern hemisphere, in the endemic areas of Western and
Central Europe as well as Central and Eastern Asia, especially in China
[
2
,
3
].
Humans become infected by ingesting tapeworm eggs [
3
]. The most
frequent site of primary parasitic lesions is the liver [
4
]. Clinically, the
parasitic invasion is characterized by a long-lasting asymptomatic
phase (average duration of 5
–15 years) [
3
,
5
]. At onset of symptoms,
imaging examination usually reveals the presence of a large tumour-like
mass in the liver, suggestive of a proliferative process [
6
,
7
]. In some
cases, at the time of diagnosis, extrahepatic lesions are also visible,
including remote locations, e.g. the lungs (7
–20% of cases) or the brain
(1
–3% of cases) [
8
,
9
].
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advms.2019.04.002
Received 8 July 2018; Accepted 5 April 2019
⁎
Corresponding author at: Department of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (UCMMiT), Medical University of
Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland.
E-mail address:
m.sulima@poczta.fm
(M. Sulima).
Advances in Medical Sciences 64 (2019) 324–330
1896-1126/ © 2019 Medical University of Bialystok. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Early diagnosis and implementation of appropriate treatment is very
important. In untreated patients, mortality is high and reaches 90%
within 10 years from diagnosis [
4
,
10
]. But in recent years major
achievement has been reached by careful management of AE cases and
life-expectancy of patients is approaching that of the general population
[
11
].
Radical resection of the lesion at the initial stage of its development,
supported by pharmacological treatment with benzimidazoles is the
most e
ffective management. In patients with advanced disease, who are
not eligible for complete resection, liver transplantation remains the
only therapeutic option and a chance for survival [
12
–14
].
Imaging studies, in addition to serological tests, provide the basis
for the diagnostic process as well as monitoring the treatment of pa-
tients with alveolar echinococcosis [
15
]. Histopathological and mole-
cular tests (i.e. polymerase chain reaction - PCR) of the collected ma-
terial con
firm the diagnosis [
16
,
17
]. The clinical picture of AE varies,
depending on the location of the lesions, the severity of the disease and
accompanying complications resulting from the progression of the
disease, such as cholestasis, cholangitis, formation of an abscess in the
liver, or secondary biliary cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Although
in most cases of AE, the lesions are located in the liver, one must always
bear in mind the possibility of coexisting distant metastases, which
make the diagnosis of AE even more challenging due to its atypical
clinical manifestation.
Ultrasound examination is usually the diagnostic modality of choice
in patients with abdominal pain, jaundice or febrile conditions, which
are often the
first symptoms of AE. To date, there has been no generally
accepted ultrasound classi
fication of hepatic lesions observed in AE
[
18
].
The aim of our study was to present the most frequently observed
ultrasonographic pattern of hepatic lesions in patients treated for AE at
the University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (UCMMiT;
Gdynia, Poland) and to establish whether there is a relationship be-
tween the stage of AE determining the possibility of radical surgical
treatment and the occurrence of a speci
fic pattern of hepatic lesions on
ultrasound imaging.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Retrospective analysis of the patients
The retrospective analysis included the results of laboratory, ser-
ological and imaging examinations of 72 patients with probable and
certain AE diagnosis (according to Brunetti et al. [
16
]) hospitalized
between 2000 and 2016 at the UCMMiT. Data on the conservative and
surgical treatment were also collected. During hospitalization the pa-
tients underwent liver function tests, blood immunoglobulin E (IgE)
levels, serological tests and imaging examinations in order to establish
the diagnosis and monitor the treatment. Serological tests, i.e. ELISA
Echinococcus (Bordier A
ffinity Products SA, Crissier, Switzerland),
Em2plus (Bordier A
ffinity Products SA, Crissier, Switzerland) and
Echinococcus Western Blot IgG (LDBIO Diagnostics, Lyon, France),
were performed at the Department of Tropical Parasitology of the
Medical University of Gdansk according to the manufacturers
’ instruc-
tions. All the patients included in the study had positive results of
serological tests. IgE levels performed at the time of diagnosis were
varied and there was no correlation between the IgE level and the type
of lesion presented in the ultrasound examination.
The stage of hepatic lesions was evaluated using ultrasound, com-
puted tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Finally, the study included 58 patients in whom a detailed analysis of
ultrasound images was possible and who had one type of lesions.
Excluded from the analysis were 13 patients who were followed-up in
UCMMiT after previous surgery or liver transplantation, and 1 patient
with two di
fferent types of lesions occurring at the same time in both
hepatic lobes (ossi
fication and pseudocystic patterns).
The study group included 39 patients with certain AE and 19 with
probable diagnosis of AE. The diagnosis was considered as certain in
patients in whom the disease was con
firmed by histopathology or PCR
methods. In the group with certain diagnosis, in 7 patients the speci-
mens for histopathological examination were collected without prior
suspicion of AE or implementation of antiparasitic treatment. The
probable diagnosis was based on the positive results of blood ser-
ological tests and characteristic appearance of the lesions on CT.
2.2. AE ultrasound images analysis
Abdominal ultrasound examinations were performed by two clin-
icians experienced in diagnosis and treatment of AE (IF, MS), initially
with the Philips ATL APOGEE 800 W apparatus using the Philips C5-2
Convex Probe and subsequently with the ALOKA
α10 Premier device
using the Convex UST-9130 Probe. The study analysed the
findings of
ultrasound examinations performed at diagnosis.
The classi
fication developed by researchers from the University
Hospital in Ulm (Germany) was used for the assessment of ultrasound
findings [
18
]. This classi
fication is based on 5 types of lesions:
•
Type 1 - a hailstorm pattern appearing as heterogeneously echo-
genic areas with irregular contours and visible scattered hyper-
echoic areas, in some cases calci
fications can be seen;
•
Type 2 - a pseudocystic pattern with an irregular hyperechoic rim
that is not vascularized on power Doppler;
•
Type 3 - a metastasis-like pattern;
•
Type 4 - a haemangioma-like pattern;
•
Type 5 - ossi
fication pattern with features of calcifications.
In addition, the location of the lesions in the liver (right/left hepatic
lobe), their size and number were analysed in the study.
2.3. Clinical stage of AE analysis
The stage of disease was assessed based on imaging examinations
according to PNM classi
fication [
19
] where P de
fines the size of para-
sitic lesions in the liver, N extrahepatic expansion to neighbouring
tissues and M presence of distant metastases.
2.4. Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed to assess the potential relation-
ship between the presence of speci
fic sonographic pattern of the hepatic
lesions and the clinical stage of AE determining the radicality of sur-
gical treatment. The analysis was performed using the functions and
procedures of the R project [
20
]. The
χ
2
test and Fisher's exact test for
count data were used to determine if there is a signi
ficant difference
between observed and expected frequencies for the obtained qualitative
variables. The logistic regression was used to create a model based on a
linear dependence between the dichotomous variable and the in-
dependent variables. The results were enriched with the Receiver Op-
erating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. In each of the tests men-
tioned above, the signi
ficance level was set at α=0.05.
2.5. Ethical issues
The study was approved by the Independent Bioethics Committee
for Scienti
fic Research at the Medical University of Gdansk (Poland) on
June 25, 2003 as a part of the research project of the State Committee
for Scienti
fic Research/the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher
Education (KBN/MNiSW). Approval number: NKEBN/457/2003; pro-
ject numbers: 4PO5D04212 and 3PO5B10625.
M. Sulima, et al.
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