relationship between the two most commonly observed patterns of le-
sions (hailstorm and pseudocystic patterns) and the clinical stage of AE.
The pattern of lesions did not determine the radicality of the surgical
procedure. On one hand it has been observed that radical surgical
treatment was possible in patients with large pseudocystic lesions, but
on the other hand smaller lesions were detected, which already at di-
agnosis were not eligible for radical surgical treatment due to their
location (involvement of the liver hilum) or extrahepatic expansion
including metastases to distant organs. Therefore, the consensus of
experts on echinococcosis recommends simultaneous imaging of the
chest and head at the time of diagnosing AE, in order to establish the
proper management [
16
].
Suspicion of AE based on the ultrasound examination allows to
properly plan further diagnostics, including avoiding biopsy of hepatic
lesions or exploratory laparoscopy. First, serological tests should be
performed and imaging diagnostics extended. In the assessment of
echinococcal lesions, apart from ultrasound, other imaging methods
have been applied, such as CT, MRI, magnetic resonance cholangio-
pancreatography and positron emission tomography using 18 F-
fluor-
odeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG-PET-CT), which helps in di
fferentiating be-
tween active and inactive lesions by assessing metabolic activity around
parasitic lesions [
27
]. In recent years, there have been an increasing
number of reports related to the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound
(CEUS) in assessing the extent and activity of echinococcal lesions in
the liver. Vascularization patterns of echinococcosis-speci
fic lesions of
the liver are better visualized by CEUS and better correlate with 18 F-
FDG-PET-CT results in comparison to CT [
28
]. However, the results
obtained are ambiguous and so far CEUS has not been universally ac-
cepted as a diagnostic standard in hepatic AE [
29
]. CT allows for pre-
cise assessment of the location and extent of parasitic in
filtration in the
liver, along with the evaluation of the vascular system and bile ducts at
the time of diagnosis [
22
,
30
,
31
], during the quali
fication for surgery, as
well as in the monitoring of patients undergoing resection or receiving
conservative treatment. In our study, CT turned out to be more sensitive
in the assessment of extrahepatic lesions of AE, especially in adrenal
glands, retroperitoneal space and pelvis.
CT is more sensitive and an excellent tool in the assessment of
calci
fications [
6
,
15
,
22
], better than ultrasound [
24
] or MRI, which in
turn allows for a more accurate assessment of alveolar structures, which
are characteristic of AE [
7
,
22
,
27
,
32
,
33
] The presence of calci
fication
plays an important role in the assessment of echinococcal lesions. Their
number and localization within the parasitic in
filtration changes during
the natural course of the disease and is also modi
fied by pharmacolo-
gical treatment. Thus their appearance allows for indirect assessment of
the dynamics of the parasitic disease [
6
,
22
]. The presence of calci
fi-
cations does not exclude the metabolic activity of AE lesions on 18 F-
FDG-PET-CT [
10
,
27
,
28
]. It only suggests indirectly the duration of the
in
flammatory process [
34
].
5. Conclusions
Ultrasonography remains the
first-line modality for both the diag-
nosis and monitoring of treatment in patients with AE. Ultrasound ex-
amination of a patient in whom echinococcosis is suspected often sig-
ni
ficantly shortens the diagnostic process. Ultrasound classification is a
primarily diagnostic tool. Performing a blood serum test for echino-
coccosis allows for avoiding invasive diagnostic procedures, such as a
biopsy of lesions or exploratory laparotomy, often performed without
prior implementation of antiparasitic treatment, which may cause the
spread of infection. Speci
fic ultrasound pattern of lesions does not
correlate with the clinical stage of AE or the radicality of surgical
treatment.
Con
flict of interests
The authors declare no con
flict of interests
Financial disclosure
The authors have no funding to disclose
The author contribution
Study Design: Ma
łgorzata Sulima, Wacław Nahorski, Wojciech
Wo
łyniec
Data Collection: Ma
łgorzata Sulima, Iwona Felczak-Korzybska,
Beata Szostakowska
Statistical Analysis: Piotr W
ąż
Data Interpretation: Ma
łgorzata Sulima, Wacław Nahorski, Tomasz
Gorycki, Katarzyna Sikorska, Wojciech Wo
łyniec
Manuscript Preparation: Ma
łgorzata Sulima, Katarzyna Sikorska,
Wac
ław Nahorski, Wojciech Wołyniec, Beata Szostakowska, Tomasz
Gorycki
Literature Search: Ma
łgorzata Sulima, Wacław Nahorski
Funds collection: n/a
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