JAMES H MITTELMAN
2.7 times. Young women from all over China ¯ ock to the south to work in
female-intensive industries such as prostitution; some become mistresses to
foreign entrepreneurs or local millionaires, easily identi® ed by their fancy luxury
cars and associations with thugs crossing the border into Hong Kong. Income
inequality, criminal activities, environmental degradation, the incidence of ve-
nereal disease and fear of
AIDS
are on the rise. In southern China there is
nonetheless a long tradition of redressing grievances, peasant unrest and re-
bellion when disparities grow too far out of line with what is politically
tolerable. Approaching the second phase of a Polanyian double movement, an
evolving and countervailing source of power represents a potential challenge to
Beijing.
While Guangdong attracts migrants, Taiwan faces serious labour shortages
and greater worker militancy, which prompts national capital to invest more
rapidly in the People’ s Republic, and following Singapore, to import foreign
workers. Transcending the micro-region and sub-region, further extension of
Chinese-owned or controlled multinationals includes syndication and cooper-
ation in joint ventures with Western and Japanese capital. While clan and
especially linguistic ties continue to reinforce business interests among ethnic
Chinese, traditional family linkages are increasingly integrated with professional
management practices. Generational divergence within the Chinese networks has
challenged the customary, intuitive style of the aging patriarchs. Modern
English-speaking,
MBA
-toting managers, many of them ® nancial technocrats,
re¯ ect the tenets of liberal±economic globalisation transmitted by business and
law schools not in their ancestral villages but in Western countries where they
now invest, trade and borrow.
Clearly, Chinese culture mediates the institutional arrangements in the re-
gional and global divisions of labour. Broadly speaking, it is an adaptive, ¯ exible
and dynamic culture. It is responsive to market forces, the requirements for
business success, necessary interactions with the local population and transna-
tional opportunities. It is also employed selectively as a business strategy where
it is advantageous to demonstrate minority characteristics to mobilise an in-
vestable surplus and engage in trade. But the use of cultural identity is not
limited to the minority community. For the general population, intersubjective
meanings attached to the interactions between culture and economic activities
supersede or mask their objective signi® cance, promoting con¯ icts within the
ethnic and racial divisions of labourÐ to a large extent, a transnational phenom-
enon in East and Southeast AsiaÐ and leading to state policies which only
contradict stated government goals and accentuate societal tensions.
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