Z. M. Bobur nomidagi andijon davlat universiteti chet tillar fakulteti ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi

Lecture 5
Methods of teaching foreign languages.

Plan
1.The notion of “method” in TEL.

2.Using Project, Case, Interactive methods in teaching English.
3.Traditional and modern methods of TFL-s.

Key words: Project method, Case method, Interactive methods, technique, innovative approach, critical thinking, project work, Brainstorming, role playing.

A method is also a methodologic notion. It is taken from Greek and means a method of cognition. It has two meanings:

1.A main trend or approach in the development of a methodology of a foreign language. For example: direct, grammar translation, comparative, audio visual and other methods.
2.Method is a general model of realization of the main components of a teaching process to a foreign language, and directed to solve in teaching a monologic speech pictures, portraits, diafilms are regularly used. Such activities as demonstration, explanation are also called method in English and “sposob” in Russian.
A method is the practical realization of an approach. Method may be defined as a way of governing or guiding the learning. In a teaching – learning process method may be considered as a structural – functional component of Teacher – Learner activity. Teacher and learner are interrelated. This interrelation is carried out through methods.
The methods of teaching – learning process include:

4. 
   The acquisition of new info about a new linguistic or language phenomenon (the pupil gets knowledge of what he is to learn).
   
5. 
   The drill and exercises (the pupil performs exercises to form habits on the material he learns).
   
6. 
   Making use of the acquired habits in the act of common, i.e. in listening, speaking, reading, writing, in other words, in language skills.
   

Each method is realized in techniques. A technique is a way to organize a learning procedure. By a technique we mean an individual way in doing something, in gaining a certain goal in teaching – learning process. For example, while organizing pupils’ acquisition of a new sound the teacher can use either demonstration of the pronunciation of the sound or an explanation of how the sound should be pronounced in the target language or he uses both demonstration and explanation. To help pupils to grasp this sound and produce it correctly as an isolated element, then in a word in which it occurs and in various sentences with the word. An activity is a procedure of getting involved in learning. An exercise is a skill-developing procedure.
The choice of techniques is of great importance for effective teaching. When organizing pupils’ acquisition of a new material the teacher thinks of the techniques which are more suitable for his pupils: he takes into consideration pupils’ age, the progress in language learning (the stage of learning), their intellectual development, the conditions under which pupils learn.
Project method is one of the most pressing contemporary technologies in teaching foreign languages. It combines the elements of problem-based learning and collaborative learning that allows achieving the highest level of mastery of any subject, and foreign language in particular. Project method forms students' communication skills, culture, communication, the ability concisely and audibly formulate thoughts, be tolerant to the opinion of partners in communication and develops the ability to extract information from a variety of sources, to process it with the help of modern technologies. All these factors create language environment that - results in the appearance of the natural need to interact in a foreign language.
Project-based learning does not contradict the traditional ways of learning. It helps to activate students since most of them have an interest for new knowledge. Such kind of motivation - the desire to successfully develop theme of the project - is often stronger than the demands of parents and teachers to study hard in order to get excellent and good marks.
The main purpose of the use of this innovative approach is the ability to effectively master students' foreign communicative competence. It includes the following concepts:
- verbal competence is creating an opportunity of manifestation of communicative skills in all forms: listening, speaking, writing, reading, translation within a specific topic;
- socio-cultural competence is the formation of ideas about the social and cultural specificity of the target language;
- linguistic competence is students' acquisition of lexical units relating to the topic as a necessary basis for registration of speaking abilities;
- educational and cognitive competence is the improvement of educational activity on mastering of foreign languages;
- compensatory competence is formation of skills of overcoming difficult situations in a shortage of linguistic resources.
Also, this approach forms informational competence which manifests the ability to work independently with reference books, find necessary information in various sources, and see links with other branches of knowledge. Moreover, project-based learning contributes to enhancing students' personal confidence, developing a "team spirit" and communication skills; providing a mechanism for critical thinking, the ability to find ways to solve problems and developing students' research skills.
Project technology allowed students to integrate a variety of activities, making learning enthralling, more interesting and therefore, efficient. Students with different abilities became successful and felt they were needed in the project activities. Educational, social and communication skills were developed during the implementation of projects. At the preparatory stage, students learned how to work with dictionaries, reference books for posts, thought through the way of presentation, and of course learnt to sort out their work. Project-based learning has changed students’ attitude to the computer: computer has been transformed into a source of information and one of the ways of presentation the material.
In the European languages the word "project" is borrowed from Latin: the participle "projectors" means "thrown out forward" "striking one's eye". With reference to a lesson of foreign language, the project is specially organized by the teacher and independently carried out by students' complex of actions, finished with a creation of a product. A method of projects, thus, is the set of educational and cognitive modes which allow solving this or that problem as a result of independent actions of students with obligatory presentation of results.
Teacher can realize many activities in groups and individually working with a project method. It is necessary to note, that the method of projects helps students to seize such competences as: to be ready to work in a team, to accept the responsibility for a choice, to share the responsibility with members of the team, to analyze results of activity.
Experiential learning refers to the organization of the learning process on the basis of the pedagogical principle of “learning by doing”, which means that learners acquire knowledge after having experienced or done something new. Experiential learning is defined as the exploitation and processing of experience, aiming not only at acquiring knowledge, but also at transforming the way of thinking and changing attitudes. In experiential learning learners participate “in concrete activities that enable them to ‘experience’ what they are learning about” and the “opportunity to reflect on those activities”, since “learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience” .
Experiential learning is related to the project method. The project method is “a natural extension of what is already taking place in class” , an open learning process, the limits and processes of which are not strictly defined, which progresses in relation to the specific teaching context and learners’ needs and interests.
The project method originates from Pragmatism, the philosophical movement which appeared in the middle of the 19^th century and promotes action and practical application of knowledge in everyday life.