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CONCLUSION………..….…………...……………..…………….…………….27

REFERENCES……...…….…………………..…….…...………………………28


1. STRESS IS AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT FOR ENGLISH LEARNER

English is known as a stressed language. Stressed languages are languages spoken with differing degrees of emphasis on the words and syllables in the sentences. The content of this page is not intended to be a set of rules but rather an attempt to show that native speakers of English use regular patterns of stress when speaking.Although stress and intonation are an important part of English pronunciation, learners must remember that it would be impossible for anyone to speak naturally with a set of rules in mind. By far the best way to improve one's pronunciation is through constant contact with native speakers of English, either through conversation, by watching films and news channels, or listening to the radio. However, the patterns of stress outlined below may be useful to learners, for example when preparing a discussion or a presentation, and help them to feel more comfortable. In English we accentuate or stress one syllable in a word. 

We pronounce that syllable louder than others.There are words with just one syllable (e.g.. mind), and words with one stressed syllable and one or more weak syllables ,e.g. remind, reminder, reminding.In the examples below, bold letters indicate stressed syllables.

1. 
   When a noun or adjective stems from a one-syllable word, (for example art, mind), the stress usually stays on the syllable of the original word. 
   
2. 
   To differentiate between a noun and a verb with the same spelling, stress position changes.
   
3. 
   In compound nouns (two words merged into one) the stress is on the first part:
   

• bookshop

• football

• notebook

• toothbrush

4. 
   The stress is generally at the end of words ending in -eer.
   

• auctioneer

• engineer

• pioneer

• volunteer

5. 
   Stress usually falls AFTER prefixes :
   

• demolish

• dismiss

• prepare

• untie

6. 
   Stress usually falls on the syllable before the following letters:
   

Before 

-tion/-sionBefore

-ic/-icalBefore

-ity/-ety

-graphy

-ody/-ogyBefore

-ient, -cient

-ience,

-ial, -ual 

-ious,

Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence. In English, stressed syllables are louder than non-stressed syllables. Also, they are longer and have a higher pitch. English is a stress-timed language. That means that stressed syllables appear at a roughly steady tempo, whereas non-stressed syllables are shortened.

In spoken language, grammatical words (auxiliary verbs, prepositions, pronouns, articles, …) usually do not receive any stress. Lexical words, however, (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, …) must have at least one stressed syllable.There is no rule, however, about which syllable is stressed in a word with more than one syllable. You will need to learn the stress of words by heart.You can look up the word in a dictionary that provides IPA transcript. The symbol ' in front of a syllable indicates that the following syllable is stressed. Look at some examples of IPA transcripts:

[ˈɡɑːdən]  garden  the first syllable is stressed: garden 

[ˈmɛdəʊ]  meadow  the first syllable is stressed: meadow 

[ˈmʌʃˌrum]  mushroom  the first syllable is stressed: mushroom 

[θərˈməˌmitɚ]  thermometer  the second syllable is stressed: thermometer 

[juː'mɪdɪ.ti]  humidity  the second syllable is stressed: humidity 

In the English language, there is one phenomenon concerning stress that you can observe: There are many verbs that consist of two syllables. Mostly, the stress is on the second syllable.tDue to historical developments, the same word has become a noun. The noun, however, is stressed differently: the stress is on the first syllable.

to address - an address 

to export - an export 

“We may end up sounding like robots if we don't stress our words in the right places.'and adapted from the original.Brita Haycraft, who shared her 'tricks and techniques for better spoken English' at one of our seminars for teachers in the UK yesterday, tells us that one often overlooked, but very important element to being understood in English is stressing the right words in a sentence.Placido Domingo needs no subtitles when interviewed on the BBC, despite his Spanish vowels and 'estrong eSpanish accent'. It's because his sentence stresses are spot on. But even advanced English language learners still often speak with equal stress on each word: 'I will meet you downstairs.' or 'You must telephone me.'. This confuses English listeners and can also sound a bit rude.

It would be so easy to put life into the students' sentences simply by reminding them to stress the logical words, as they practise speaking. But course books seem to ignore this speaking tool, which emphasises the most important words in each context – the very backbone of conversation. Even when you talk to yourself, you stress the words that matter.

If asked in class, however, students know at once which words are important in that context, because it's common sense. All they have to do is to stress them

You can certainly hear sentence stress in spoken Germanic and Latin languages, but their unstressed a, o and u stay unchanged and are therefore easier to hear. English often reduces its unstressed a, o, u to the neutral /ə/ sound (as heard in, for example, 'future, method, pursue, ago, forget etc.), which means the meaning of the sentence depends very much on the stressed words.

Obviously, our stresses have to be in place for us to compress the unstressed words. And if we don’t compress unstressed structure words, we sound like robots and the precise meaning gets blurred, while we also sound too insistent.

In the instruction 'You must knock on the door.', would you prefer to hear a quick 'You m-s...' or a clear 'You must... knock on the door.'?

But foreign learners think it careless to say 'It’s ...', 'I’ve...', so they opt for 'It is...', 'I have...' to be polite. But this sounds too precise in normal English conversation.

English specialises in compressing unstressed auxiliary verbs. 'I would never have caught it.' becomes 'I’d never’ve caught it.'. Even unstressed 'going to' is often pronounced 'gonna' today, yet once  it was not allowed on the BBC. But in a late '80s recording of the Queen talking to President Reagan, she is heard to say 'gonna' without blinking. This once-despised 'Americanism' is now often heard on the BBC, even in serious programmes, if not on the news itself perhaps. Listen out for it during weather forecasts.

So, if our stressed words determine how we say the intervening unstressed structure words, why then do course books start with the single phonemes and go on to 'connected' speech? Sentence stress would be a far easier guide to speaking. What's more, all English dialects use it. The sooner foreign students get into the habit of stressing the relevant words, the sooner they’ll be able to communicate with English speakers – which is, presumably, their ultimate wish. Grammar and vocabulary learning won’t be delayed by reminders of which words to stress. They’ll thrive in each other’s company.[1,62]