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5. THE GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION OF INTONATION.

The grammatical function of intonation refers to the syntactic part played by word or phrase in the context of a specific clause or sentence, now and then called essentially function. In English , grammatical function of intonation is essentially decided by a word's position in a sentence , not by inflection (or word endings).This function can be used to identify the grammatical structure; it does the same

thing that punctuation does in writing, it can marks where a sentence begins and where it ends , although the grammatical function of intonation is difficult in teaching but it is so important because it is used in daily communication ."many sentences which are potentially ambiguous in their spoken form can be identified by intonation"[7, 244]

The grammatical function of intonation is used in ambiguous sentences in their written form and this ambiguity can be cleared by using intonation. For example:

1. 
   Those who ran [quickly] won a medal
   

• 
  medal was quickly won by those who ran.
  

2. 
   Those who ran quickly [won] a medal
   

• 
  a medal was won by those who ran quickly
  

Thompson, and Roach discuss the rule that yes/no questions end with a rising tone whereas wh questions end with a falling tone thus, the sentence can be changed from a statement into a question just by changing the tone , the falling tone can form a statement while the rising tone can turn the statement sentence into a yes/no question :

3. 
   He's not there (statement)
   

• 
  He's not there ? (question)
  

4. 
   He passed the exam (statement)
   

• 
  He passed the exam ? ( question)
  

Yes/no questions end with a rising tone while wh questions end with a falling tone :

• 
  Shall we go tomorrow
  
• 
  Where shall we go tomorrow?
  

The common rule state that statement sentences , commands and wh questions all have a falling intonation at the end, on the other hand , yes/no questions have a rising tone .These can be illustrated in the following :utterance type default. Pattern other patterns / other meaning

Statement fall

1) rise – to add nonfinality or questioning

2) rise-fall – to add nonfinality with an implication of an additional but unspoken message.

Command fall

• 
  rise – to turn command into request
  

special questions

• 
  Fall rise – to add warmth and interest
  

Common questions

- Rise fall – to turn questions into exclamations[7, 124]

One of the most important purposes of the function is to enable the speakers to express their emotions and feelings whether it was joy , sadness , boredom and so forth , and that is important in order to make a successful communication

• 
  You can't have that it's for me. (angry)
  
• 
  Oh, please (unsatisfied)
  

There is also what is called prosody which is an aspect that deals with the spoken

language rather than written language," important role of prosody is to convey the speaker's mood , relationship with the reader and other attitudinal matters ". [11, 276]

Further, Prosody involves facial expressions , gestures and body movements which they all can perform a specific attitude, " we can all express emotions with adjecti ves happy , angry , sad , afraid , surprised , tired and so on but often we express the emotions with prosody " ( abbelin , 2005 : 10 ) , for example (come here, can be used in different circumstances when the voice quality is changed , it can be a command or a request .

According to Kelly " the attitudinal function of intonation is extremely difficult in teaching because it's hard to present it in a way that helps the learners to use it to help them with their production . however, teachers can do some useful work when relating intonation to attitude in the classroom in the same way that it is used with grammar and intonation ".[9, 159]

Kelly also suggests that the teachers should teach their students to express their feelings and attitudes by using the attitudinal function of intonation on lexical phrases for example : " How are you ?" , " Are you okay?" which are used in normal conversations.[ 1, 49]

Four types are used in this function as follow:

1. 
   rising tone : this means that the pitch rises , that happens in yes/no questions.
   

• 
  Do you like coffee ?and when there's a doubt in the sentence
  
• 
  You like fruit don't you ?
  

2. 
   falling tone: It means that the pitch drops down and that happens in statements
   

• 
  Nice to meet you (statement)
  
• 
  Write your name here (Wh questions)
  
• 
  whose pen is this ? (Wh questions )
  
• 
  what a big mouse! (Exclamation)
  

3. 
   rise-fall : It means that the pitch rises then drops and this happens in lists
   

• 
  We've got chocolate , milk , floor and oil.
  

4. 
   fall-rise tone : It simply means that the pitch drops down then rises , it usually happens in the same word.
   

• 
  Did he say that it's allowed ? (Yes/no question)
  

Intonation is rising and falling of the tone in speaking, it has six functions, the grammatical function which refers to the syntactic part played by word or phrase in the is the intonation that the attitudinal function or sentence,. context of a specific clause intonation is iscourse function D serves to express the speaker's attitudes and emotions. the function that analyzes sentences' appearance in the bigger context, it can tell which part of the sentence is given and which is new, the focusing (also known as accentual or informational) perform Intonation helps to point out what data in AN auditory communication is new and what's already proverbial, the psychological perform Intonation helps North American nation organize speech into units that area unit straightforward to understand, learn and perform, the fact perform which acts as a marker of private or social identity. The linguistic scientist focuses on the Tone unit because the most important domain in terms of that intonation , the choice of intonation isn't entirely free in English Illocutionary acts ( acts of speaking) like creating statements and asking queries, area unit usually performed exploitation sure intonation patterns.