A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word which makes a new word



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SUFFIXS


SUFFIXS

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word which makes a new word.



words

suffix

new words

forget, use

-ful

forgetful, useful

state, govern

-ment

statement, government

complicate, create

-ion

complication, creation

The new word is most often a different word class from the original word. In the table above, the suffix -ful has changed verbs to adjectives, -ment, and -ion have changed verbs to nouns. If you see a word ending in -ment, for example, it is likely to be a noun (e.g. commitment, contentment).

Suffixes: spelling

Often, the suffix causes a spelling change to the original word. In the table above, the -e ending of complicate and create disappears when the -ion suffix is added. Other examples of spelling changes include:



  1. beautyduty + -ful → beautiful, dutiful (-y changes to i)

  2. heavyready + -ness → heaviness, readiness (-y changes to i)

  3. able, possible + -ity → abilitypossibility (-le changes to il)

  4. permitomit + -ion → permission, omission (-t changes to ss)

A good learner’s dictionary will give you information on the correct spelling of words with suffixes.

See also:

  • Spelling

Common suffixes and examples

Noun suffixes



suffix

examples of nouns

-age

baggage, village, postage

-al

arrival, burial, deferral

-ance/-ence

reliance, defence, insistence

-dom

boredom, freedom, kingdom

-ee

employee, payee, trainee

-er/-or

driver, writer, director

-hood

brotherhood, childhood, neighbourhood

-ism

capitalism, Marxism, socialism (philosophies)

-ist

capitalist, Marxist, socialist (followers of philosophies)

-ity/-ty

brutality, equality, cruelty

-ment

amazement, disappointment, parliament

-ness

happiness, kindness, usefulness

-ry

entry, ministry, robbery

-ship

friendship, membership, workmanship

-sion/-tion/-xion

expression, population, complexion

Adjective suffixes

suffix

examples of adjectives

-able/-ible

drinkable, portable, flexible

-al

brutal, formal, postal

-en

broken, golden, wooden

-ese

Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese

Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning. Prefixes can, for example, create a new word opposite in meaning to the word the prefix is attached to. They can also make a word negative or express relations of time, place or manner. Here are some examples:

base word

prefixed word

type of meaning

possible

impossible

opposite

able

unable

opposite/negation

payment

non-payment

negation

war

pre-war

time (before)

terrestrial

extraterrestrial

place (outside of/beyond)

cook

overcook

manner (too much)

I’m sorry I was unable to attend the meeting.

Non-payment of fees could result in a student being asked to leave the course.

Has anyone ever really met an extraterrestrial being? (meaning a being from another planet)

The meat was overcooked and quite tasteless.

The most common prefixes



prefix

meaning

examples

anti-

against/opposed to

anti-government, anti-racist, anti-war

auto-

self

autobiography, automobile

de-

reverse or change

de-classify, decontaminate, demotivate

dis-

reverse or remove

disagree, displeasure, disqualify

down-

reduce or lower

downgrade, downhearted

extra-

beyond

extraordinary, extraterrestrial

hyper-

extreme

hyperactive, hypertension

il-, im-, in-, ir-

not

illegal, impossible, insecure, irregular

inter-

between

interactive, international

mega-

very big, important

megabyte, mega-deal, megaton

mid-

middle

midday, midnight, mid-October

mis-

incorrectly, badly

misaligned, mislead, misspelt

non-

not

non-payment, non-smoking

over-

too much

overcook, overcharge, overrate

out-

go beyond

outdo, out-perform, outrun

post-

after

post-election, post-war

pre-

before

prehistoric, pre-war

pro-

in favour of

pro-communist, pro-democracy

re-

again

reconsider, redo, rewrite

semi-

half

semicircle, semi-retired

sub-

under, below

submarine, sub-Saharan

super-

above, beyond

super-hero, supermodel

tele-

at a distance

television, telepathic

trans-

across

transatlantic, transfer

ultra-

extremely

ultra-compact, ultrasound

un-

remove, reverse, not

undo, unpack, unhappy

under-

less than, beneath

undercook, underestimate

up-

make or move higher

upgrade, uphill

Writing prefixes: hyphens (super-hero or supermodel)

There are no absolute rules for when to use a hyphen or when to write a prefixed word as one whole word (see the examples in the table). A good learner’s dictionary will tell you how to write a prefixed word.



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