I) Some features about the nucleus-Yadro haqidagi ba'zi xususiyatlar
discovery-kashfiyot radius-radius, shape-shakli
binding energy-bog’lanish energiyasi
nucleon-nucleon interaction- nuklon-nuklon o'zaro ta'siri
stability and life time- stabillik va yashash vaqti
nuclear reactions- yadro reaksiyalari
II) Modeling of the nucleus- Yadroni modellashtirish
liquid drop-suyuqlik tushishi
shell model- qobiq modeli
mean field-maydon tushunchasi
The discovery of the nucleus-Yadroning kashf etilishi
The structure of the atom was first probed by the Rutherford experiment in 1909.
A beam of particles generated by the radioactive decay of radium was directed
onto a sheet of a very thin gold foil.
Atomning tuzilishi birinchi marta 1909 yilda Rezerford tajribasida tekshirilgan.
Radiyning radioaktiv parchalanishi natijasida hosil bo'lgan zarrachalar nurini juda
yupqa oltin folga varag'iga yo'naltirildi
particles
Target -nishon Au
source
screen
The unexpected results demonstrated the existence of the atomic nuclei.
Kutilmagan natijalar atom yadrolarining mavjudligini ko'rsatdi.
Before this exp. people thought that particles should all be deflected by at most a few degrees.
Bundan oldin odamlar zarrachalar bir necha gradus burchakka buriladi deb o’ylashgan
But some ‘s were deflected through angles much larger than 90 degrees !!-Ammo ba'zi lar 90 gradus darajadan kattaroq burchaklar orqali burilib ketgan !!
The results suggest that the greater part of the mass of the atom was concentrated into a very small region.
Natijalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, atom massasining katta qismi juda kichik hududda to'plangan.
Some questions about the Rutherford experiment-
Rezerford tajribalari haqida bazi savollar
Why a thin target ? Nima uchun yupka nishon?
What about electrons ? Elektronlar haqida nima deyish mumkin?
Why in the vacuum ? Nega vakuumda?
How can we determine the size of the atomic nucleus
from this experiment ?
Bu tajribadan Atom yadrosining hajmini qanday aniqlash mumkin?
Some tracks about the Rutherford experiment
Rezerford tajribasi haqida bazi ma’lumotlar
Why a thin target ?
To be sure that the projectile do interact with only one nucleus-Snaryad faqat bitta yadro bilan o'zaro ta'sir qilishiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun
What about electrons ?
Electrons do not affect the trajectory of the projectile which is much heavier- Elektronlar ancha og'irroq bo'lgan zarrachaning traektoriyasiga ta'sir qilmaydi
Why in the vacuum ?
In the air, the slowing down of the beam and of the scattered make the analysis more complicated and can even stop the particles before detection.-Havoda zarrachalar tarqalishi sekinlashi tahlilni murakkablashtiradi va hatto zarrachalarni aniqlashdan oldin to'xtatib qo'yishi ham mumkin.
How can we determine the size of the atomic nucleus from
this experiment ?
At the distance « a0 » from the center of the nucleus, when the particle go back :
Coulomb repulsion = kinetic energy of the particle
