Network cards

NETWORK CARDS
Jamshid Ortiqovich Urinov^1
1 Assistant at the Samarkand branch of the Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi
Akram Nug’monovich Nizamov^1
1Docent at the Samarkand branch of the Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi
Abdiev Jo’rabek Muzaffar o’g’li ^2,3
2Physical-technical institute, SPA “Physics-Sun” of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100084, Uzbekistan
³Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key
Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830000, People’s Republic of China
Sunnat Shoto’ra o’g’li Suvonov^1
1Student at the Samarkand branch of the Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi
Suhrob Zayniddin o’g’li Nosirov^4
4Student at the Samarkand Construction and Architecture Technical School

Abstract: Nowadays, we cannot imagine our daily lives without the internet, which we use as a tool in various sectors and corporations. Therefore, we use network cards to facilitate data exchange and the functioning of the internet. Network cards are considered the primary device extensively used to provide internet in our daily lives.
Keywords: network card, motherboard, coaxial cable, operational memory, port.
Currently, internet connection is essential because many things can be accomplished via the internet due to technological advancement. Consequently, people seek ways to access the internet on their computers, and for this purpose, a device called a network card is used; it is a device composed of compatible cables providing the necessary connections.
Through a motherboard, one can connect to a home network or even an office network; it relies on radio waves for data transmission, making it possible to activate the web browser. This device is present in all computer components since there is a market demand for devices with internet connectivity.
The operation of a motherboard is quite broad, which makes it one of the most critical components present in a computer, even more than an audio card or a video card. Its advantage is that it operates automatically in the computer, only requiring the correct connection.
If you do not have a network card, you cannot download various drivers needed to work in the operating system, similarly, you will lack the ability to solve problems that arise in the computer, which could become a notable issue.
A network card (network plate, network board, network adapter, Ethernet adapter, NIC(network interface controller) is a peripheral device of a computer, designed to connect the computer with other devices in the network. Network cards can come in three forms:
1. Internal network card. A card that can be connected to the ISA, PCI ports of a computer.
2. External network device. This network device is a separate device that connects to a computer via USB, PCMCIA, or LPT ports. Mainly, laptop users use this type of network device.
3. Integrated (integrated) network card. It is combined with the computer's motherboard. Modern computers establish a connection with other computers via this type of network device.
Network cards can receive and transmit data simultaneously, capable of operating at speeds of 10,100,1000 Mbit/sec.
The first network cards were built on a discrete logic microchip, with buffer memory having 1 frame. Their reliability was quite low. If data flows were numerous and continuous, buffer memory could not catch up, leading to data loss. This required the network card to resend requests repeatedly, significantly reducing the work speed. Moreover, each of these initial network cards required a separate driver.
The second-generation network cards have buffer memory based on multiple frames; the second frame can be accepted while the frame loaded from the computer is transmitted to the network. These network cards began to use integrated microchips, indicating increased reliability. Moreover, drivers have been standardized by companies like 3Com, Microsoft, Novell.
It's possible to connect via network cable or wireless, using the device to direct or connect to various devices, this operation is explained through its structure, as it has a system responsible for preparing schemes and systems to send data to each connected computer, simplifying the process of working with computers.
An example of using a network card is when you need to enter a home network, the device is responsible for transforming the request sent by the computer into data that can be managed by the processor. to transmit data via cable, but in its current form, when it reaches the device, it converts it back into digital data.



Figure 1. ISA bus-based AUI port network card.



Figure 2. ISA bus: 4 x 16-bit and 1 x 8-bit ports.

Third-generation network cards process data from the operational memory in a buffer memory based on a conveyor scheme. This increases the speed of the work process by 25-55%. These generation cards are assembled based on specialized integrated circuits, which increase their efficiency and reliability while decreasing their cost.

Fourth-generation network cards are the ones currently being manufactured. These generation network cards have the ability to remotely control the computer through the network, load the operating system from the network, and have other capabilities.

Figure 3. PCI port network card.



Figure 4. PCI bus.
Current network cards are designed for RJ (Registered Jack) 45 ports and can provide very high speeds. Data exchange can be carried out via copper cables or optical cables. However, in older ISA bus-based network cards, coaxial cables were used.