READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on
Questions 14-26
, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below
.
REMOVING UNWANTED NOISE
A
A noisy restaurant, a busy road, or a windy day are all situations that can be intensely
frustrating for the hearing impaired when trying to understand
what other people are
saying. Some 10 million people in the UK suffer from hearing difficulties and, helpful as
hearing aids are, those who wear them often complain that background noise continues
to interfere with their understanding. But what if hearing aid wearers could choose to filter
out all the troublesome sounds and focus just on the voices they want to hear?
Engineer Dr Richard Turner believes that this is fast becoming a possibility. He is
developing a system that identifies the distracting noise and ‘rubs it out’. ‘The poor
performance in noise of current hearing devices is a major reason why six million people
in the UK who would benefit from hearing aids do not use them,’ he said. Moreover, as
the population ages, a greater number of people will be hindered by the inability to hear
clearly. In addition, hearing-impaired patients who have been fitted with cochlear implants
– devices implanted to help those whose auditory hair cells have died – suffer from similar
limitations.
B
The solution lies in the statistics of sound, as Turner explained: ‘Many interfering
noises are immediately recognisable.
Raindrops patter on a surface,
a fire crackles,
talkers babble at a party and the wind howls. But what makes these different noises sound
the way they do? No two rain sounds are identical because the precise arrangement of
falling water droplets is never repeated. Nonetheless, there must be statistical similarities
in the sounds of these raindrops compared with, say, the crackle of a fire.’ He believes
that for this reason, the brain may be able to group similar types of sounds together based
on their specific characteristics.
Turner and his colleagues have analysed this process mathematically and then
developed algorithms that mimic what the brain is doing. The mathematical system that
they have developed is capable of being ‘trained’ – a process that uses new methods
from the field of machine learning – so that it can recognise new sounds. ‘Rather
surprisingly, it seems that a relatively small set of statistics is sufficient to describe a large
number of sounds’ he says. Crucially, the system that Turner and his team have come up
with is capable of telling the difference between speech and other types of sound.
C
‘What we can now do is to erase background noise and pass these cleaned-up
sounds to a listener to improve their perception in difficult surroundings,’ said Turner. The
idea is that future devices will have several different modes in which they can operate.
These might include a mode for travelling in a car or on a train, a mode for places like a
noisy party or a busy restaurant, a mode that can be used outdoors in windy weather, and
so on. The device might intelligently select an appropriate
mode based on the
characteristics of the incoming sound.
D
‘In a sense we are developing the technology to underpin
intelligent hearing
devices,’ said Turner. An additional possibility would be for users to override the selection
made by the device and select a processing mode based upon what sorts of noise they
wish to erase. They could even guide the processing on their device using an interface
on a mobile phone through wireless communication. Turner anticipates that his team will
need two more years of simulating the effect of modifications that clean up sound before