1. quantity,types of domestic solid waste ecological problems caused by solid waste

Sanitary Landfill
This is the most popular solid waste disposal method used today. Garbage is basically spread out in thin layers, compressed and covered with soil or plastic foam. Modern landfills are designed in such a way that the bottom of the landfill is covered with an impervious liner which is usually made of several layers of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects the ground water from being contaminated because of leaching or percolation. When the landfill is full, it is covered with layers of sand, clay, top soil and gravel to prevent seepage of water.
Incineration
This method involves burning of solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes are turned into ashes. Incinerators are made in such a way that they do not give off extreme amounts of heat when burning solid wastes. This method of solid waste management can be done by individuals, municipalities and even institutions. The good thing about this method is the fact that it reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or 30% of the original volume.
Recovery and Recycling
Recycling or recovery of resources is the process of taking useful but discarded items for next use. Traditionally, these items are processed and cleaned before they are recycled. The process aims at reducing energy loss, consumption of new material and reduction of landfills.
Composting
Due to lack of adequate space for landfills, biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose in a medium designed for the purpose. Only biodegradable waste materials are used in composting. Good quality environmentally friendly manure is formed from the compost and can be used for agricultural purposes.
Pyrolysis
This is method of solid waste management whereby solid wastes are chemically decomposed by heat without presence of oxygen. This usually occurs under pressure and at temperatures of up to 430 degrees Celsius. The solid wastes are changed into gasses, solid residue and small quantities of liquid.
In summary, proper solid waste management is an integral part of environmental conservation that should be observed by individuals and companies globally. This will keep the environment clean and reduce health and settlement problems.

4.gas wastes received in oil refining and petrochemical processes,their characterictics and treatment
5.gas waste received in petrochemical processes
6.liquid waste received in oil refining and petrochemical processes and their recycling
7.the liquid product formed in the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons and ways of its efficient use(4567 same)
Petroleum refinery effluents (PRE) are generally the wastes generated from industries primarily engaged in refining crude oil, manufacturing fuels, lubricants and petrochemical intermediates. These effluents or wastewater, generated, are considered as a major source of aquatic environmental pollution. The effluents are mainly composed of oil, grease and many other toxic organic compounds. The process of crude oil refining consumes large volume of water. Consequently, significant volume of wastewater is generated. The requirement of water depends upon on the size, crude products and complexity of operation. Petroleum refining units need water for distillation, desalting, thermal cracking, catalytic and treatment processes in order to produce useful products such as LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), gasoline, asphalt, diesel, jet fuel, petroleum feedstock etc. Wastewater generated through petroleum refineries contains various hydrocarbons. It has been estimated that the demand for world oil is expected to rise to 107 mbpd (million barrels per day) in the next two decades. By 2030 oil will account for 32% of the world’s energy supply. The increasing demand of oil clearly shows that effluents produced from the oil industry will continue to be produced and discharged into the water bodies. The pollutants found in the effluent are seriously toxic and hazardous to the environment. Techniques used for effluent treatment include adsorption, coagulation, chemical oxidation, biological techniques as well as contemporary technologies like membranes and microwave-assisted catalytic wet air oxidation and Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) like heterogeneous photo-catalytic degradation which is based on its potential to completely mineralize the organic effluents beside being cost effective, readily available and the catalyst used itself is non-toxic in nature. The review provides a detailed description on nature of effluent or wastewater produced from the oil refinery units, its discharge into the water bodies, toxicological effects of the effluent on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem and the various treatment technologies designed for the treatment and recycling of wastewater generated during operation.

8.pyrolysis ( in iphone)
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1.decontamination of toxic industrial waste
Decontamination - the process of removing or neutralizing contaminants that have accumulated on personnel and equipment - is critical to health and safety at hazardous waste sites. Decontamination protects workers from hazardous substances that may contaminate and eventually permeate the protective clothing, respiratory equipment, tools, vehicles, and other equipment used on site; it protects all site personnel by minimizing the transfer of harmful materials into clean areas; it helps prevent mixing of incompatible chemicals; and it protects the community by preventing uncontrolled transportation of contaminants from the site.
This chapter describes the types of contamination that workers may encounter at a waste site, the factors that influence the extent of contamination, and methods for preventing or reducing contamination. In addition, this chapter provides general guidelines for designing and selecting decontamination procedures at a site, and it presents a decision aid for evaluating the health and safety aspects of decontamination methods. The chapter does not cover decontamination of radioactively contaminated personnel or equipment. A health physicist should be consulted if this situation arises.

2.control and monitoring procedures during the action phase (1 same)
3.decontamination plan
A decontamination plan should be developed (as part of the Site Safety Plan) and set up before any personnel or equipment may enter areas where the potential for exposure to hazardous substances exists. The decontamination plan should:

0. 
   Determine the number and layout of decontamination stations.
   
1. 
   Determine the decontamination equipment needed.
   
2. 
   Determine appropriate decontamination methods.
   
3. 
   Establish procedures to prevent contamination of clean areas.
   
4. 
   Establish methods and procedures to minimize worker contact with contaminants during removal of personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE).
   
5. 
   Establish methods for disposing of clothing and equipment that are not completely decontaminated.
   

The plan should be revised whenever the type of personal protective clothing or equipment changes, the site conditions change, or the site hazards are reassessed based on new information.

4.contamination of formation waters with waste
Water contamination occurs when substances pollute the water and make it unusable for cooking, drinking and other uses. Contamination can occur from agriculture, industrial chemicals, overflowing sewers and more. Knowing the signs of water contamination will help keep you and your family safe.
Water contamination is caused by harmful substances, such as chemicals or microorganisms, entering a water source. Agricultural runoff, industrial contamination, improperly treated water, natural disasters and sewage leaks are some of the main causes.