1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

This 
principle applies to all linguistic units
, especially the classification of 
phonemes. 
In the modern Uzbek literary language 30 phonemes exist in the 
minds of speakers, first of all, they are divided into two groups - vowels 
and consonants. These groups are determined by the degree of 

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involvement of sound and noise in the pronunciation of sounds. The 
division continues in this way to a separate phoneme. Both vowels and 
consonants are subdivided into subgroups based on opposite signs. For 
example, the Uzbek language has a system of 6 vowels, which are 
distinguished from consonants by their silence. However, the system 
itself is divided on the basis of the opposite characteristics of the 
elements. The contrast of the vowels is as follows: 
i ~ u e ~ o ‘a ~ o 
In general, phonemes, which are the smallest linguistic units, are a 
general pattern of sound patterns created by human speech organs and 
live in our minds as a series of generalizations of infinite sounds. Based 
on these psycho-acoustic images in the minds of the speakers, they 
move the limbs and create sounds. Or the listener compares the sounds 
made by others to the pattern in his mind by hearing them. 
Phonemes have the property of distinguishing meanings, and this 
phenomenon is not observed in sounds with different forms of the same 
phoneme. When a sound is replaced by a sound that is a reflection of 
another phoneme, the meaning of the word is renewed, that is, it 
becomes another word. For this reason, the phoneme has been 
described as the smallest, meaningful and indivisible unit of language, 
for ex. in Uzbek: kuch-ko’ch (strength-move (from one place to 
another); in English :bad-bed, sheep-ship. 
Lexemes and words
. A lexeme is a unit of language that serves to 
name, express, and represent all phenomena. A lexeme as a linguistic 
unit consists of two psychophysical-acoustic structures (sound shells), 
one of which cannot exist without the other, i.e. the nomema and the 
semantic structure formed on the basis of a certain concept, i.e. the unity 
of the semema. 
The sound structure of lexemes as a linguistic unit is based on 
different combinations of phonetic units. 
Each lexeme also has a content as a linguistic unit. The content plan 
of lexemes refers to concepts that denote an object, action, sign, 
quantity, etc., in an entity called denotations or referents. Concepts and 
meanings are not the same thing, they have different characteristics. For 
example, people who speak English, Russian, and German have the 
concepts of