1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

The list of recommended literature: 
1.Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского 
языков. Л., 1979. 
2.Азизов О., Сафаев А., Жамолхонов Х. Узбек ва рус тилларининг 
киесий грамматикаси. Тошкент 1986. 
3.Iriskulov M. T. Theoretical grammar of the English language. 
Toshkent, 2006 
4.Maksumov A. G. English grammar: Theory and usage. 
Tashkent,2012. 
5.Rasulova M.I., Shukurova Z. I. Comparative typology of 
English,Uzbek and Russian languages.Toshkent, 2017 
6.Юсупов У. К. Теоретические основы сопоставительной 
лингвистики.Ташкент, 2007. 
7.Yusupov U.K. Comparative linguistics of the English and Uzbek 
languages. Tashkent, 2013 
10. TYPOLOGY OF SIMPLE SENTENCE IN THE ENGLISH 
AND NATIVE LANGUAGES 
Plan: 
1. Sentence as the basic unit of syntax 
2. Classification of sentences according to their structure in the 
English and native languages 

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3.Classification of sentences according to the purpose of utterance in 
the English and native languages 
Basic concepts of the subject: 
One-member 
sentences, 
two-member 
sentences, 
elliptical 
sentences, completed sentences, non-completed sentences, purpose of 
utterance, declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, word 
order,in post-position, in preposition, extended constructions, main 
parts of the sentence, secondary parts of the sentence, predication 
Basic unit of syntax is the sentence. Any sentence is a structural 
unit built in accordance with the patterns existing in the given language. 
All the sounds of a sentence are united by typical intonation. 
Grammatical meanings are expressed according to the system of rules 
of the language and summarized in its grammar.To create 
communication these grammatical rules and fixed patterns are used on 
the basis of the system enhancing the act of speech, the speaker and the 
reality. 
In linguistics, a speech act is an utterance defined in terms of a 
speaker’s intention and the effect it has on a listener. It is the action that 
the speaker hopes to provoke in his or her audience. Speech acts may 
be requests, warnings , promises, apologies, greetings or some 
declaration. 
So, 
speech 
acts 
are 
an 
important 
part 
of 
communication. The speaker is the person whose speech is addressed 
to other person or persons and things in the sentence which perform the 
syntactic function of the subject in the sentence. The speaker’s attitude 
towards the reality is expressed in modality by the category of tense,
the category of mood, modal words, modal verbs, intonation and etc.. 
The category of modality is expressed on the phonological, lexical, 
lexical- grammatical and on the grammatical levels of the language. 
The sentence is connected with many lingual and extra lingual 
aspects – logical, psychological and philosophical. There are many 
definitions of the sentence and these definitions differ from each other, 
because the scientists analyze this question according to different 
viewpoints. Some of them consider the sentence from the point of view 
of phonetics, others - from the point of view of semantics (the meaning 
of the sentence) and so on. 
Some linguists say that a sentence expresses a complete thought. 
This interpretation given to the sentence is connected only with the 
logical side of the sentence. 

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98 
Otto Jespersen speaks about the completeness and independence 
of a sentence, being able to exist alone and having a complete utterance. 
B.A.Ilyish says that the sentence is the minimal syntactic structure used 
in communication and characterized by its predicativity which 
expresses thought and has its intonation pattern. Any sentence should 
express the meanings of tense, person and mood. As we noted above in 
order to be a sentence there should be the act of speech, the speaker 
and the reality.The speaker’s attitude towards the reality is expressed
in modaliy by the category of tense, the category of mood, by modal 
words, modal verbs and intonation. 
A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure 
conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief 
means of conveying a thought. A sentence is not only a means of 
communicating something about reality but also a means of showing 
the speaker's attitude to it. In the sentence, We love our native country 
, the grammatical meanings of tense, mood and person are expressed. 
Professor M.I. Rasulova is completely right to assert that predicativity 
is the structural basis and the meaning of the sentence while intonation 
is the structural form of it. Thus, a sentence is a communication unit 
made up of words and word-morphemes in conformity with their 
combinability and structurally united by intonation and predicativity 
(Rasulova 
M. 
I.,Shukurova 
Z.I. 
Comparative 
typology 
of 
English,Uzbek and Russian languages.T.,2017), in order to develop her 
interpretation given to the sentence she gives academician 
G.Pocheptsov’s interpretation: the sentence is the central syntactic 
construction used as the minimal communicative unit that has its 
primary predication, actualizes a definite structural scheme and 
possesses definite intonation characteristics. This definition works only 
in case we do not take into consideration the difference between the 
sentence and the utterance. The distinction between the sentence and 
the utterance is of fundamental importance, because the sentence is an 
abstract theoretical entity defined within the theory of grammar while 
the utterance is the actual use of the sentence. In other words, a sentence 
is a unit of language while the utterance is a unit of speech. 
The most essential features of the sentence as a linguistic unit are 
a) its structural characteristics – subject-predicate relations (primary 
predication), and b) its semantic characteristics – it refers to some fact 
in the objective reality. 

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Thus, by sentence, we understand the smallest communicative unit, 
consisting of one or more syntactically connected words that have 
primary predication and that have a certain intonation pattern( Rasulova 
M.I….). 
The main parts of the sentence are the subject and the predicate 
which make up the predication of the sentence. 
The syntactic relations among the words in the English sentence 
are expressed by the order of words; order of words in the English 
sentence is meaningful. As in the cause of historical development the 
inflected English language has lost its rich system of declension and 
conjugation , and the functions of flexions are performed by the 
combination of auxiliary (function) words and notional words 
(analytically) and by prepositional constructions. 
The syntactic relations among the words in the Uzbek sentence is 
mosly expressed by the syntactic tie- government which demands the 
adjunct to receive grammatical forms not existing in the head word of 
the word combination.These grammatical forms are mostly expressed 
by case forms and case forms followed by function (auxiliary) words 
in postposition. 
Syntactical relations among the words in the structure of the 
English, Uzbek and Russian sentences were described in detail in this 
manual while speaking about the typology of word combinations in the 
English and native languages. 
This item of the manual deals with the simple sentences according 
to the structure and purpose of utterance. 
According to the structure English simple sentences are devided 
into one-member and two-member sentences. A two-member sentence 
consists of the main parts of the sentence: subject and the predicate: 
Young Jolyon could not help smiling (Galsworthy). The two-member 
sentence can be complete and non-complete: Fleur had established 
immediate contact with an architect ( Golsworthy)- complete. The 
simple sentence is complete when it consists of both the subject and the 
predicate. The simple two-member sentence is incomplete when one 
of the principle parts or both of them are missing , but can be easily 
understood from the context or by putting questions to the missing part; 
these kind of sentences are called elliptical and are mostly used in 
colloquial speech , especially in dialogue: What were you doing? -
Drinking. (Shaw), Where were you yesterday? -At the cinema. 

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