The Boxers had little fear of guns because they vastly outnumbered their opponents
according to their beliefs, guns couldn't harm them
they believed that moral law was on their side
they had the open support of the army and government
their identities were hidden so no one knew who they were
In general, the people who joined the movement were highly-placed political figures
ordinary middle-class city dwellers
members of the famous Ch'ing Dynasty
from higher classes of the society
poor agricultural workers and criminals
In 1898, the Chinese government took a firm stand against the Ch'ing Dynasty
sent out spies in order to overthrow the Boxers
were in favour of foreign influences in their country
tried to prevent the Boxers from harming foreigners
worked in alliance with the Boxers against foreigners
64 IS IT ART? Paintings and power shovels, sonatas and submarines, dramas and dynamos - they all have one thing in common. They are fashioned by people. They are artificial, in contrast to everything that is natural - plants, animals, and minerals. The average 20th-century person would distinguish paintings, sonatas, and dramas as forms of art, while viewing power shovels, submarines, and dynamos as products of technology. This distinction, however, is a modern one that dates from an 18th- century point of view. In earlier times, the word "art" referred to any useful skill. Shoemaking, metalworking, medicine, agriculture, and even warfare, were all once classified as arts. They were equated with what are today called the fine arts - painting, sculpture, music, architecture, literature, dance, and related fields. In that broader sense, art was defined as a skill in making or doing, based on true and adequate reasoning.