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The Neolithic in the South Caucasian Mil Steppe:
A Diverse Mosaic - Barbara Helwing and Tevekkül Aliyev
of sedentarism, pottery production and the symbolic concept of figurines are all evidence for in-
spiration emanating from regions further south. And the massive Kamiltepe platform is a unique
construction, but mudbrick constructions are also known in the Neolithic of Iran. On the other
side, the highly original architecture of the Mil Steppe sites, with subterranean buildings and
ditch systems, has no older prototype in the Zagros or Taurus zone, and the lithic technology with
laminar production and pressure flaking was long established in the Epi-Paleolithic of Iran and
the Caspian basin.
The description of the Mil Steppe Neolithic also allows us to distinguish these traditions
from the better-known Neolithic of the Shulaveris-Shomutepe and Akhnashen groups with their
compounds of round buildings and their monochrome ceramics with plastic decoration. In some
of the earliest of these sites, dating around 6000 BCE, recognizably exotic ceramics establish
links with the Ceramic Neolithic of Mesopotamia, with Samarra and Hassuna traditions, while
the site of Kujltepe I in Nakhichevan is known as the northernmost find spot of Halaf ceramics.
The Mil Steppe sites, on the contrary, attest to influences from the Iranian plateau. It is evident
that the Neolithic settlement of South Caucasia, that began only ca. 6000 BCE after a long period
of sporadic contacts evident from the circulation of obsidian, was inspired from a diversity of
traditions that are reflected in the mosaic-like formation of regional networks of architectural and
craft traditions.
South Caucasia offered environmentally rich niches to Neolithic
settlers who began to
exploit the fertile river valleys as agricultural grounds and most likely also ventured into the
higher valleys of the Lesser Caucasus. The small set of domesticates introduced from the Fertile
Crescent was here augmented by the gathering of wild fruits, including nuts and vine grapes. The
cultivation of cereals led to the crossing of emmer with local wild goat grass, most likely in the
lowlands of the west Caspian littoral, resulting in the new species of four- and six-row wheat. In
the Mil Steppe, settlements had short life cycles and locations shifted rapidly. We are far from
understanding the dynamics and scheduling of these shifts, but a relation with the needs of culti-
vation cycles or swidden agriculture could offer a plausible hypothesis, which needs to be inves-
tigated further. The thriving Mil Steppe Neolithic persisted through most of the sixth millennium
BCE and disappeared ca. 5300 BCE without any obvious successor.
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