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lithic that we keep learning about.
4
In the following article, we will introduce the recently explored
Neolithic landscape of the Mil Steppe in the south of the Republic of Azerbaijan to provide an ex-
emplary close-up view into one small region of Neolithic settlement (Fig. 1).
Research Background
At the end of the last Ice Age, a momentous change in the way of life in southwest Asia re-
sulted in people gradually giving up their mobile lives of foraging and instead becoming sedentary
and staying longer (sometimes even all year round) in environmentally favorable niches. Through
their permanent presence, humans became a significant factor in gradually changing both the envi-
ronment and their own ways of life. These mechanisms included selectively hunting certain animal
populations in the region and gathering, (probably) sowing, and tending to plants. The results of
these drawn-out iterative steps were the domestication of animals and plants and visible morpho-
logical changes in species produced by breeding selection. Since then, human nutrition has been
largely based on the use of these new species, which differed from their wild counterparts by their
size and therefore yield, and in the case of animals, also by their docile temperament. Agriculture
and animal husbandry henceforth formed the basis of life and, together with sedentarism, marked
a new epoch, one which archaeologists refer to as the Neolithic or New Stone Age.
In the first half of the 20th century, theoretical models describing the move to a Neolithic
way of life focused on the material foundations of subsistence. Gordon Childe, borrowing from the
concept of the Industrial Revolution, coined the term “Neolithic Revolution” to describe this shift
as rapid, profound, and irreversible.
5
Initially, the stage was set in west Asia at large, and a lack of
reliable chronology precluded the determination of a center or core region. The famous biologist
Nikolai Vavilov thus argued in the 1920s that the great biodiversity of South Caucasia predestined
the region as a “center of diversity” and thus a potential core area for the primary domestication
of plants,
6
and this model informed research on the then-Soviet side until the 1990s. In fact, the
notable length and absolute age of the Neolithization process could only be grasped once chrono-
metric dating through
14
C became available in the 1950s for sites in the Levant and the Zagros and
Taurus ranges.
7
Radiocarbon dating applied by the Chicago-based “Prehistoric Project” of Robert
Braidwood and colleagues working the foothills of the Taurus and Zagros mountains contributed to
building a sequence.
8
The combined efforts for Jericho and the Zagros region shifted the scholarly
4 Douglas Baird et al., “Agricultural Origins on the Anatolian Plateau,” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 115, no. 14 (2018): E3077–86; Mihriban Özbaşaran, Güneş Duru, and Mary C. Stiner, eds., The Early
Settlement at Aşıklı Höyük: Essays in Honor of Ufuk Esin (Istanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2018); Eva Rosenstock, “Dot
by Dot: Phase-Mapping the Central/Western Anatolian Farming Threshold.” In The Central/Western Anatolian
Farming Frontier: Proceedings of the Neolithic Workshop Held at 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016, ed. Maxime
Brami and Barbara Horejs, Oriental and European Archaeology 12 (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press,
2019), 103–26; Fokke Gerritsen and Rana Özbal, “Barcın Höyük, a Seventh Millennium Settlement in the Eastern
Marmara Region of Turkey,” Documenta Praehistorica 46 (2019): 58–67.
5 V. Gordon Childe, Man Makes Himself, The Thinker’s Library 87 (London: Watts & Co., 1948).
6 Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1992).
7 Kathleen M. Kenyon, “Jericho and Its Setting in Near Eastern History,” Antiquity 30, no. 120 (1956): 184–97. Kath-
leen M. Kenyon, “Reply to Professor Braidwood,” Antiquity 31, no. 122 (1957): 82–84; Mortimer Wheeler, “The
First Towns?” Antiquity 30, no. 119 (1956): 132–36; Robert J. Braidwood, “Jericho and Its Setting in Near Eastern
History,” Antiquity 31, no. 122 (1957): 73–81.
8 Robert J. Braidwood, “Near Eastern Prehistory,” Science 127, no. 3312 (1958): 1419–30.
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