Guney Kafkasya Mil Bozkrlarnda Neolitik - Renkli Bir Mozaik (1)
81 The Neolithic in the South Caucasian Mil Steppe: A Diverse Mosaic - Barbara Helwing and Tevekkül Aliyev perception of Neolithization to a long, drawn-out process rather than a rapid one.
The new chronological evidence allowed scholars to argue for the primacy of west Asia in
the process of Neolithization based on settlement history and landscape ecology, since the oldest
sedentary sites cluster in a wide arc from the Levant to the foothills of the Taurus and Zagros,
also called the “Hilly Flanks of the Fertile Crescent.”
9 This region also coincides with the ancient
habitats of wild populations of the later-domesticated animals and plants, and it is here that the
Neolithic way of life emerged between the tenth and eighth millennia BCE. The new chronologi-
cal order also established that not all elements considered characteristic of the Neolithic occurred
simultaneously: permanent dwellings, as well as monumental cult buildings, existed early, ag-
riculture became established later; and handicraft products such as pottery appeared late in the
developed Neolithic.
With basic chronology sorted, the way was clear to develop models that acknowledged the
importance of symbolic behavior and bonding with places in “becoming Neolithic.” Jacques Cau-
vin argued that the “Birth of the Gods” preceded agriculture and sedentarism,
10 and Ian Hodder’s
work in Çatalhöyük identified iterative ritual behavior as a meaningful concept.
11 Today, archaeol-
ogists argue that symbolic thinking is not just a byproduct of this transformation but its condition.
12 Once introduced, a major consequence of sedentism in the Fertile Crescent was population
growth, which forced communities to expand their habitat. The Neolithic way of life spread into
more distant regions from ca. 7000 BCE and reached the southern Caucasus around 6000 BCE.
This temporal spacing invalidates Vavilov’s model that included South Caucasia among the po-
tential core areas of Neolithization. The dynamics of these dispersal processes in individual re-
gions are complex and differentiated, ranging from the immigration of small scouting groups into
new settlement areas over the successive acculturation of foraging communities in contact with
farming communities to the selective adoption or spread of only few aspects of the Neolithic way
of life. For the geographically highly differentiated landscape of South Caucasia, considerable
regional differences are apparent and remain to be explained.