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sixth millennium BCE Late Neolithic from their surface assemblages of ceramics and lithics.
22
The enormous density of sites—some were spaced a mere 200 m apart—combined with the ob-
servation that settlements rarely formed elevations indicate short durations for the individual
occupations.
23
Ten Neolithic sites were further investigated by sounding or horizontal excava-
tion, revealing an intriguingly complex set of sites and materials with chronological subphases.
24
Ceramic assemblages were highly distinct among the various sites, with a monochrome, a red
slipped and a painted tradition that were spatially exclusive but chronologically not very distant
from each other. The ceramics were not very stable and, once exposed, rapidly lost their painted
surfaces to erosion, making it difficult from the surface collections alone to assign a site to one
of the subphases.
Sites with Ditches
Before excavation, systematic magnetometric mapping of the sites was conducted to allow
an estimate of the spatial extension and to identify locations for excavation.
25
On two sites—both
on flat stretches of artemisia steppe without any visible elevation—we were able to identify ditch-
es as a major feature. Site MPS 124 had one ditch with a circular layout and an opening toward
the east (Fig. 4). A sounding cross-cutting the ditch revealed a fill with almost sterile, yellowish
clayey deposits that were almost indistinguishable from the surrounding matrix. Next to the ditch,
groups of pits were visible on the mapping. We excavated one exemplary pit that turned out to
contain refuse from a domestic building: ash layers with organic residues were interlaced with
yellowish sediment, indicating that the pit had probably been open for some time, so that heavy
rain could have washed down natural sediments into the pit. Cultural material comprised small
clay figurines, broken ceramics (broken before depositing, and thus most likely domestic refuse)
and daub with cord impressions. These materials must derive from buildings constructed above
ground from perishable material, of which nothing remains.
A nested system of three, possibly even four, concentric ditches was found at site MPS 4
and subsequently investigated by horizontal excavation, exposing the inner two ditches and one
section of the third ditch at larger scale, whereas a potential fourth ditch remains unexcavated
(Fig. 5). The exposed ditches had a V-shaped profile and reached a depth of 2.7 m below the
present surface, whereby transversal walls intersected the individual ditches. The fill comprised
22 Ricci, “Archaeological Landscapes”; for the latest update on numbers, see Andrea Ricci et al., “Human Mobility and
Early Sedentism: The Late Neolithic Landscape of Southern Azerbaijan,” Antiquity 92, no. 366 (2018): 1445–61.
23 Ricci et al., “Human Mobility and Early Sedentism.”
24 See Helwing and Aliyev’s section, “Fieldwork in the Mil Plain: The 2010–2011 Expedition,” in Bertille Lyonnet
et al., “Ancient Kura 2010–2011: The First Two Seasons of Joint Field Work in the Southern Caucasus,” Archäo-
logische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 44 (2012): 4–17; Barbara Helwing and Tevvekül Aliyev, “Excavations
in the Mil Plain Sites, 2012–2014,” in The Kura Projects: New Research on the Later Prehistory of the Southern
Caucasus, ed. Barbara Helwing et al., Archäologie in Iran und Turan 16 (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 2017), 11–42;
Golnaz Ahadi, “Excavations at Site MPS 124,” in The Kura Projects: New Research on the Later Prehistory of the
Southern Caucasus, ed. Barbara Helwing et al., Archäologie in Iran und Turan 16 (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 2017),
51–54; Maria Bianca D’Anna, “The 2013 Sounding at Site MPS 103: Preliminary Report; Some New Insights into
the Neolithic ‘Unpainted Ceramic Horizon’ of the Mil Plain,” in The Kura Projects: New Research on the Later
Prehistory of the Southern Caucasus, , ed. Barbara Helwing et al., Archäologie in Iran und Turan 16 (Berlin: Diet-
rich Reimer, 2017), 43–49.
25 Jörg W. E Fassbinder and Florian Becker, “Integrated Geophysical Prospecting in the Mil Plain, Lower Karabakh,
Azerbaijan,” in The Kura Projects: New Research on the Later Prehistory of the Southern Caucasus, ed. Barbara
Helwing et al., Archäologie in Iran und Turan 16 (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 2017), 325–33.
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