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ed, but the lithic industry indicates a high degree of continuity in types and chipping techniques.
Mesolithic groups were small but highly mobile and well connected, as can be illustrated
from two cases. One example is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Qobustan, a cliff above the
Caspian Sea with a field of boulders on which thousands of petroglyphs are carved.
14
The oldest
images depict cattle and dancing people (Fig. 2), suggesting the place’s special role in regular
gatherings that probably attracted mobile groups from distant regions since the Mesolithic and
into historical times. Such a dynamic is comparable to the way Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Tur-
key was marked out in the landscape as a location for recurring meetings and festivals.
15
A second example for early contacts is reflected in the distribution of obsidian, a volcanic
glass from deposits in the Lesser Caucasus that was transported over great distances and circu-
lated in networks that lasted well into the Bronze Age. Among the implements typical for the
Mesolithic in the Caucasus are broad obsidian blades with one chipped and one broad “hooked”
end, the edges of which are worked by parallel pressure retouch and often show strong abrasive
signs of use. This type is called a Kmlo tool, after the Kmlo-2 site in the Lesser Caucasus.
16
Sim-
ilar forms, but with a different sequence of manufacture and apparently a different function, are
found in western Georgia but also in the Upper Mesopotamian Aceramic Neolithic, where they
are known as Çayönü tools after the site in southeastern Turkey.
17
Although these similar-looking
implements were manufactured according to a different
chaîne opératoire, their analogous forms
probably result from early contacts between sites in the Fertile Crescent and Mesolithic commu-
nities in the Caucasus. These contacts did, however, not lead to cultural change in the southern
Caucasus, where mobile foragers held on to their Mesolithic lifestyle for millennia, gathering
wild
plants and hunting wild prey, without any evidence of domesticated animals or plants.
When the Neolithic way of life was introduced in South Caucasia, ca. 6000 BCE, a rapid
and profound cultural change ensued. It is currently impossible to reliably determine the dy-
namics of this dispersal. Domesticated livestock and crops were introduced, and a few exotic
ceramics of Samarra or Halaf styles found in some early sites link to traditions known from the
Fertile Crescent. But the round buildings that became the hallmark of the Neolithic of central
South Caucasia, with the Shomutepe-Shulaveri-complex north of the Lesser Caucasus along the
Middle Kura River and comparable sites like Aratashen and others south of it in the valleys of the
Araxes tributaries, may indicate concepts of space typical for hunter-gatherer communities rather
than for the Late Neolithic of the Eastern Fertile Crescent.
18
To further complicate the picture, the
region to the East of the Lesser Caucasus, the Mil Steppe of southern Azerbaijan, matches neither
the northern Shomutepe-Shulaveri nor the southern Aratashen model. The Neolithic of the Mil
Steppe represents a distinct track of Neolithic development from ca. 5800 to 5300 BCE.
14 Malahat Farajova, “About Specifics of Rock Art of Gobustan and Some Innovative Approaches to Its Interpretation
(‘Firuz 2’ Shelter),”
Quaternary International 491 (2018): 78–98.
15 Klaus Schmidt,
Sie Bauten Die Ersten Tempel: Das Rätselhafte Heiligtum Der Steinzeitjäger; Die Archäologische
Entdeckung Am Göbekli Tepe (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2006); Oliver Dietrich, Jens Notroff, and Klaus Schmidt,
“Feasting, Social Complexity, and the Emergence of the Early Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: A View from
Göbekli Tepe,” in
Feast, Famine or Fighting? Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity, ed. Richard J. Chacon and
Rubén G. Mendoza, Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation 8 (Cham:
Springer, 2017), 91–132.
16 Makoto Arimura
et al., “Current
Neolithic Research in Armenia,”
Neo-Lithics 1, no. 10 (2010): 77–85.
17 Arimura
et al., “Current Neolithic Research in Armenia.”
18 Chataigner, Badalyan, and Arimura, “The Neolithic of the Caucasus”; Nishiaki
et al., “The Mesolithic-Neolithic
Interface in the Southern Caucasus.”
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