A cognitive study of metaphor and metonymy. Plan: I. Introduction II. Main part

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A cognitive study of metaphor and metonymy. 
 
Plan: 
 
I. Introduction
II. Main part
1.
Cognitive metaphor and its types 
2.
Cognitive analysis of words
3.
Mappings 
4.
Conduit metaphor 
5.
Language and culture as mappings 
III. Conclusion
IV. Reference
 
 
 

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Introduction 
In cognitive linguistics, 
conceptual metaphor
, or 
cognitive metaphor
, 
refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of 
another. An example of this is the understanding of quantity in terms 
of directionality (e.g. "the price of peace is 
rising
") or the understanding of 
time in terms of money (e.g. "I 
spent
time at work today"). 
A conceptual domain can be any mental organization of human 
experience. The regularity with which different languages employ the same 
metaphors, often perceptually based, has led to the hypothesis that the 
mapping between conceptual domains corresponds to neural mappings in the 
brain.
[1][2]
 This theory has gained wide attention, although some researchers 
question its empirical accuracy.
[3]
 
This idea, and a detailed examination of the underlying processes, was 
first extensively explored by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their 
work 
Metaphors We Live By
in 1980. Since then, the field of metaphor 
studies within the larger discipline of cognitive linguistics has increasingly 
developed, with several annual academic conferences, scholarly societies, 
and research labs contributing to the subject area. Some researchers, such as 
Gerard Steen, have worked to develop empirical investigative tools for 
metaphor research, including the Metaphor Identification Procedure, or 
MIP.
[4]
 In Psychology, Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., has investigated conceptual 
metaphor and embodiment through a number of psychological experiments. 
Other cognitive scientists, for example Gilles Fauconnier, study subjects 
similar to conceptual metaphor under the labels "analogy", "conceptual 
blending" and "ideasthesia". 

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Conceptual metaphors are useful for understanding complex ideas in 
simple terms and therefore are frequently used to give insight to abstract 
theories and models. For example, the conceptual metaphor of viewing 
communication as a conduit is one large theory explained with a metaphor. 
So not only is our everyday communication shaped by the language of 
conceptual metaphors, but so is the very way we understand scholarly 
theories. These metaphors are prevalent in communication and we do not just 
use them in language; we actually perceive and act in accordance with the 
metaphors.