Agronomy
2022
,
12
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13 of 21
Table 3.
Cont.
Authors
Research Purpose
Technology
Used/Techniques
Findings and Challenges
Advantages
[
43
]
Crop Productivity
Big data
storage and analytics,
IoT, Data
Mining, Cloud
computing, Data
Analytics.
-
Network architecture,
platform
and design helps access to
IoT,
improves crop productivity,
Provides an overview of
IoT
applications, sensors,
protocols
And data-enabled
technologies.
One of the most challenging aspects of robotic grasping is estimation. Traditional
techniques have limitations since noise or partial loss of the point cloud might impact the
estimation’s accuracy and resilience. Estimation is more difficult in orchard situations than
it was in interior environments.
Data Handling and Processing
Traditional vision algorithms’ performance is constantly restricted in complicated
and volatile settings [
34
]. World food consumption is predicted to treble by 2050 due to
population expansion and societal progress, yet increasing food production is now difficult
due to declining water, climate alterations, less proper soil, and insects and illnesses. Pests
and diseases have always been significant stumbling blocks to increased grain output.
Satellite technology is climate sensitive and has a limited illumination variation, making it
challenging to satisfy the requirement for insects and infection management in farming
areas. Currently, low-altitude autonomous drones (offering excellent flexibility and image
resolution) can satisfy the needs of agricultural insect and infection management. In some
circumstances, such as when there is a high wind, drone stability might be difficult. As a
result, the drone’s flight route must be designed in conjunction with the actual conditions.
Long flights are necessary for field pest and disease data collection; thus, choosing a sunny
day with a moderate breeze might be a viable alternative [
32
]. Identifying malicious and
compromised nodes among soil sensors interacting with the base station is a significant
problem in the base station to cloud communications. The trust management method is
presented as one of the options for identifying these nodes in a lightweight manner.
Finally, the study highlighted the existing problems and possibilities and future re-
search in vegetable and fruit identification and placement. The majority of previous research
showed that illumination variations, grouping, and unconstrained situations have been the
main obstacles to effective recognition and localization of vegetables and fruits in the field.
Further research will be required to overcome the existing state-of-the-art challenges and
enhance the performance, accuracy, efficiency, effectiveness, recognition, and success rate
of controlling and image processing techniques. However, fruit recognition, detection, posi-
tioning, harvesting robots, and application robustness enhancement need to minimize the
inclusive computational cost and time. Future research might include algorithms and cam-
era operation advancements, sensor platforms that can enhance illumination consistently,
horticultural changes, and human–machine collaboration [
29
]. Furthermore, sophisticated
methodologies, algorithms, and computational approaches are necessary to address the
lack of precision in harvesting operations.
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