IELTS
JOURNAL
106
Exercise 45: IELTS Reading: gap-fill summary
Read the following passage about the discovery of penicillin.
The discovery of penicillin is attributed to Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming.
Fleming recounted that the date of his breakthrough was on the morning of
September 28, 1928. It was a lucky accident: in his laboratory in the basement of
St. Mary's Hospital in London, Fleming noticed a
petri dish containing
Staphylococcus culture that he had mistakenly left open. The culture had
become contaminated by blue-green mould, and there was a halo of inhibited
bacterial growth around the mould. Fleming concluded that the mould was
releasing a substance that was repressing the growth of the bacteria.
He grew a
pure culture and discovered that it was a Penicillium mould, now known to be
Penicillium notatum. Fleming coined the term "penicillin" to describe the filtrate
of a broth culture of the Penicillium mould.
Fill the gaps in the summary below using words from the passage.
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by ___1___ on September 28, 1928.
He found
that the growth of bacteria on a petri dish was ___2___ by a blue-green mould that
had contaminated the culture. He realised that the mould was producing a substance
that was responsible for ___3___ bacterial growth.
IELTS
JOURNAL
107
Exercise 46: True, False, Not Given
Read the following passage from a text about linguistics.
Before
the twentieth century, the term "philology" was commonly used to refer
to the science of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus.
However, this focus has shifted and the term "philology" is now generally used
for the "study of a language's grammar, history and literary tradition", especially
in the United States. The term "linguistics" is now the
usual academic term in
English for the scientific study of language.
Linguistics concerns itself with describing and explaining the nature of human
language. Relevant to this are the questions of what is universal to language,
how language can vary, and how human beings come to know languages.
Humans achieve competence in whatever language
is spoken around them
when growing up, with apparently little need for explicit conscious instruction.
Linguists assume that the ability to acquire and use language is an innate,
biologically-based potential of human beings, similar to the ability to walk. It is
generally agreed that there are no strong genetic
differences underlying the
differences between languages: an individual will acquire whatever language(s)
he or she is exposed to as a child, regardless of parentage or ethnic origin.
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