Chapter 11:
Propaganda and
Organization
The year 1921 was specially important for me from many points
of view.
When I entered the German Labour Party I at once took charge
of the propaganda, believing this branch to be far the most
important for the time being. Just then it was not a matter of
pressing necessity to cudgel one's brains over problems of
organization. The first necessity was to spread our ideas among
as many people as possible. Propaganda should go well ahead of
organization and gather together the human material for the latter
to work up. I have never been in favour of hasty and pedantic
methods of organization, because in most cases the result is
merely a piece of dead mechanism and only rarely a living
organization. Organization is a thing that derives its existence
from organic life, organic evolution. When the same set of ideas
have found a lodgement in the minds of a certain number of
people they tend of themselves to form a certain degree of order
among those people and out of this inner formation something
that is very valuable arises. Of course here, as everywhere else,
one must take account of those human weaknesses which make
men hesitate, especially at the beginning, to submit to the control
of a superior mind. If an organization is imposed from above
downwards in a mechanical fashion, there is always the danger
that some individual may push himself forward who is not
known for what he is and who, out of jealousy, will try to hinder
abler persons from taking a leading place in the movement. The
damage that results from that kind of thing may have fatal
consequences, especially in a new movement.
For this reason it is advisable first to propagate and publicly
expound the ideas on which the movement is founded. This work
of propaganda should continue for a certain time and should be
directed from one centre. When the ideas have gradually won
over a number of people this human material should be carefully
sifted for the purpose of selecting those who have ability in
leadership and putting that ability to the test. It will often be
found that apparently insignificant persons will nevertheless turn
out to be born leaders.
Of course, it is quite a mistake to suppose that those who show a
very intelligent grasp of the theory underlying a movement are
for that reason qualified to fill responsible positions on the
directorate. The contrary is very frequently the case.
Great masters of theory are only very rarely great organizers also.
And this is because the greatness of the theorist and founder of a
system consists in being able to discover and lay down those
laws that are right in the abstract, whereas the organizer must
first of all be a man of psychological insight. He must take men
as they are, and for that reason he must know them, not having
too high or too low an estimate of human nature. He must take
account of their weaknesses, their baseness and all the other
various characteristics, so as to form something out of them
which will be a living organism, endowed with strong powers of
resistance, fitted to be the carrier of an idea and strong enough to
ensure the triumph of that idea.
But it is still more rare to find a great theorist who is at the same
time a great leader. For the latter must be more of an agitator, a
truth that will not be readily accepted by many of those who deal
with problems only from the scientific standpoint. And yet what I
say is only natural. For an agitator who shows himself capable of
expounding ideas to the great masses must always be a
psychologist, even though he may be only a demagogue.
Therefore he will always be a much more capable leader than the
contemplative theorist who meditates on his ideas, far from the
human throng and the world. For to be a leader means to be able
to move the masses. The gift of formulating ideas has nothing
whatsoever to do with the capacity for leadership. It would be
entirely futile to discuss the question as to which is the more
important: the faculty of conceiving ideals and human aims or
that of being able to have them put into practice. Here, as so
often happens in life, the one would be entirely meaningless
without the other. The noblest conceptions of the human
understanding remain without purpose or value if the leader
cannot move the masses towards them. And, conversely, what
would it avail to have all the genius and elan of a leader if the
intellectual theorist does not fix the aims for which mankind
must struggle. But when the abilities of theorist and organizer
and leader are united in the one person, then we have the rarest
phenomenon on this earth. And it is that union which produces
the great man.
As I have already said, during my first period in the Party I
devoted myself to the work of propaganda. I had to succeed in
gradually gathering together a small nucleus of men who would
accept the new teaching and be inspired by it. And in this way we
should provide the human material which subsequently would
form the constituent elements of the organization. Thus the goal
of the propagandist is nearly always fixed far beyond that of the
organizer.
If a movement proposes to overthrow a certain order of things
and construct a new one in its place, then the following principles
must be clearly understood and must dominate in the ranks of its
leadership: Every movement which has gained its human
material must first divide this material into two groups: namely,
followers and members.
It is the task of the propagandist to recruit the followers and it is
the task of the organizer to select the members.
The follower of a movement is he who understands and accepts
its aims; the member is he who fights for them.
The follower is one whom the propaganda has converted to the
doctrine of the movement. The member is he who will be
charged by the organization to collaborate in winning over new
followers from which in turn new members can be formed.
To be a follower needs only the passive recognition of the idea.
To be a member means to represent that idea and fight for it.
From ten followers one can have scarcely more than two
members. To be a follower simply implies that a man has
accepted the teaching of the movement; whereas to be a member
means that a man has the courage to participate actively in
diffusing that teaching in which he has come to believe.
Because of its passive character, the simple effort of believing in
a political doctrine is enough for the majority, for the majority of
mankind is mentally lazy and timid. To be a member one must be
intellectually active, and therefore this applies only to the
minority.
Such being the case, the propagandist must seek untiringly to
acquire new followers for the movement, whereas the organizer
must diligently look out for the best elements among such
followers, so that these elements may be transformed into
members. The propagandist need not trouble too much about the
personal worth of the individual proselytes he has won for the
movement. He need not inquire into their abilities, their
intelligence or character. From these proselytes, however, the
organizer will have to select those individuals who are most
capable of actively helping to bring the movement to victory.
The propagandist aims at inducing the whole people to accept his
teaching. The organizer includes in his body of membership only
those who, on psychological grounds, will not be an impediment
to the further diffusion of the doctrines of the movement.
The propagandist inculcates his doctrine among the masses, with
the idea of preparing them for the time when this doctrine will
triumph, through the body of combatant members which he has
formed from those followers who have given proof of the
necessary ability and willpower to carry the struggle to victory.
The final triumph of a doctrine will be made all the more easy if
the propagandist has effectively converted large bodies of men to
the belief in that doctrine and if the organization that actively
conducts the fight be exclusive, vigorous and solid.
When the propaganda work has converted a whole people to
believe in a doctrine, the organization can turn the results of this
into practical effect through the work of a mere handful of men.
Propaganda and organization, therefore follower and member,
then stand towards one another in a definite mutual relationship.
The better the propaganda has worked, the smaller will the
organization be. The greater the number of followers, so much
the smaller can be the number of members. And conversely. If
the propaganda be bad, the organization must be large. And if
there be only a small number of followers, the membership must
be all the larger – if the movement really counts on being
successful.
The first duty of the propagandist is to win over people who can
subsequently be taken into the organization. And the first duty of
the organization is to select and train men who will be capable of
carrying on the propaganda. The second duty of the organization
is to disrupt the existing order of things and thus make room for
the penetration of the new teaching which it represents, while the
duty of the organizer must be to fight for the purpose of securing
power, so that the doctrine may finally triumph.
A revolutionary conception of the world and human existence
will always achieve decisive success when the new
Weltanschhauung has been taught to a whole people, or
subsequently forced upon them if necessary, and when, on the
other hand, the central organization, the movement itself, is in
the hands of only those few men who are absolutely
indispensable to form the nervecentres of the coming State.
Put in another way, this means that in every great revolutionary
movement that is of world importance the idea of this movement
must always be spread abroad through the operation of
propaganda. The propagandist must never tire in his efforts to
make the new ideas clearly understood, inculcating them among
others, or at least he must place himself in the position of those
others and endeavour to upset their confidence in the convictions
they have hitherto held. In order that such propaganda should
have backbone to it, it must be based on an organization. The
organization chooses its members from among those followers
whom the propaganda has won. That organization will become
all the more vigorous if the work of propaganda be pushed
forward intensively. And the propaganda will work all the better
when the organization back of it is vigorous and strong in itself.
Hence the supreme task of the organizer is to see to it that any
discord or differences which may arise among the members of
the movement will not lead to a split and thereby cramp the work
within the movement. Moreover, it is the duty of the organization
to see that the fighting spirit of the movement does not flag or die
out but that it is constantly reinvigorated and restrengthened. It is
not necessary the number of members should increase
indefinitely. Quite the contrary would be better. In view of the
fact that only a fraction of humanity has energy and courage, a
movement which increases its own organization indefinitely
must of necessity one day become plethoric and inactive.
Organizations, that is to say, groups of members, which increase
their size beyond certain dimensions gradually lose their fighting
force and are no longer in form to back up the propagation of a
doctrine with aggressive elan and determination.
Now the greater and more revolutionary a doctrine is, so much
the more active will be the spirit inspiring its body of members,
because the subversive energy of such a doctrine will frighten
way the chickenhearted and smallminded bourgeoisie. In their
hearts they may believe in the doctrine but they are afraid to
acknowledge their belief openly. By reason of this very fact,
however, an organization inspired by a veritable revolutionary
idea will attract into the body of its membership only the most
active of those believers who have been won for it by its
propaganda. It is in this activity on the part of the membership
body, guaranteed by the process of natural selection, that we are
to seek the prerequisite conditions for the continuation of an
active and spirited propaganda and also the victorious struggle
for the success of the idea on which the movement is based.
The greatest danger that can threaten a movement is an abnormal
increase in the number of its members, owing to its too rapid
success. So long as a movement has to carry on a hard and bitter
fight, people of weak and fundamentally egotistic temperament
will steer very clear of it; but these will try to be accepted as
members the moment the party achieves a manifest success in the
course of its development.
It is on these grounds that we are to explain why so many
movements which were at first successful slowed down before
reaching the fulfilment of their purpose and, from an inner
weakness which could not otherwise be explained, gave up the
struggle and finally disappeared from the field. As a result of the
early successes achieved, so many undesirable, unworthy and
especially timid individuals became members of the movement
that they finally secured the majority and stifled the fighting
spirit of the others. These inferior elements then turned the
movement to the service of their personal interests and, debasing
it to the level of their own miserable heroism, no longer struggled
for the triumph of the original idea. The fire of the first fervour
died out, the fighting spirit flagged and, as the bourgeois world is
accustomed to say very justly in such cases, the party mixed
water with its wine.
For this reason it is necessary that a movement should, from the
sheer instinct of selfpreservation, close its lists to new
membership the moment it becomes successful. And any further
increase in its organization should be allowed to take place only
with the most careful foresight and after a painstaking sifting of
those who apply for membership. Only thus will it be possible to
keep the kernel of the movement intact and fresh and sound. Care
must be taken that the conduct of the movement is maintained
exclusively in the hands of this original nucleus. This means that
the nucleus must direct the propaganda which aims at securing
general recognition for the movement. And the movement itself,
when it has secured power in its hands, must carry out all those
acts and measures which are necessary in order that its ideas
should be finally established in practice.
With those elements that originally made the movement, the
organization should occupy all the important positions that have
been conquered and from those elements the whole directorate
should be formed. This should continue until the maxims and
doctrines of the party have become the foundation and policy of
the new State. Only then will it be permissible gradually to give
the reins into the hands of the Constitution of that State which the
spirit of the movement has created. But this usually happens
through a process of mutual rivalry, for here it is less a question
of human intelligence than of the play and effect of the forces
whose development may indeed be foreseen from the start but
not perpetually controlled.
All great movements, whether of a political or religious nature,
owe their imposing success to the recognition and adoption of
those principles. And no durable success is conceivable if these
laws are not observed.
As director of propaganda for the party, I took care not merely to
prepare the ground for the greatness of the movement in its
subsequent stages, but I also adopted the most radical measures
against allowing into the organization any other than the best
material. For the more radical and exciting my propaganda was,
the more did it frighten weak and wavering characters away, thus
preventing them from entering the first nucleus of our
organization. Perhaps they remained followers, but they did not
raise their voices. On the contrary, they maintained a discreet
silence on the fact. Many thousands of persons then assured me
that they were in full agreement with us but they could not on
any account become members of our party. They said that the
movement was so radical that to take part in it as members would
expose them to grave censures and grave dangers, so that they
would rather continue to be looked upon as honest and peaceful
citizens and remain aside, for the time being at least, though
devoted to our cause with all their hearts.
And that was all to the good. If all these men who in their hearts
did not approve of revolutionary ideas came into our movement
as members at that time, we should be looked upon as a pious
confraternity today and not as a young movement inspired with
the spirit of combat.
The lively and combative form which I gave to all our
propaganda fortified and guaranteed the radical tendency of our
movement, and the result was that, with a few exceptions, only
men of radical views were disposed to become members.
It was due to the effect of our propaganda that within a short
period of time hundreds of thousands of citizens became
convinced in their hearts that we were right and wished us
victory, although personally they were too timid to make
sacrifices for our cause or even participate in it.
Up to the middle of 1921 this simple activity of gathering in
followers was sufficient and was of value to the movement. But
in the summer of that year certain events happened which made
it seem opportune for us to bring our organization into line with
the manifest successes which the propaganda had achieved.
An attempt made by a group of patriotic visionaries, supported
by the chairman of the party at that time, to take over the
direction of the party led to the break up of this little intrigue and,
by a unanimous vote at a general meeting, entrusted the entire
direction of the party to my own hands. At the same time a new
statute was passed which invested sole responsibility in the
chairman of the movement, abolished the system of resolutions
in committee and in its stead introduced the principle of division
of labour which since that time has worked excellently.
From August 1st, 1921, onwards I undertook this internal
reorganization of the party and was supported by a number of
excellent men. I shall mention them and their work individually
later on.
In my endeavour to turn the results gained by the propaganda to
the advantage of the organization and thus stabilize them, I had
to abolish completely a number of old customs and introduce
regulations which none of the other parties possessed or had
adopted.
In the years 192021 the movement was controlled by a
committee elected by the members at a general meeting. The
committee was composed of a first and second treasurer, a first
and second secretary, and a first and second chairman at the head
of it. In addition to these there was a representative of the
members, the director of propaganda, and various assessors.
Comically enough, the committee embodied the very principle
against which the movement itself wanted to fight with all its
energy, namely, the principle of parliamentarianism. Here was a
principle which personified everything that was being opposed
by the movement, from the smallest local groups to the district
and regional groups, the state groups and finally the national
directorate itself. It was a system under which we all suffered and
are still suffering.
It was imperative to change this state of affairs forthwith, if this
bad foundation in the internal organization was not to keep the
movement insecure and render the fulfilment of its high mission
impossible.
The sessions of the committee, which were ruled by a protocol,
and in which decisions were made according to the vote of the
majority, presented the picture of a miniature parliament. Here
also there was no such thing as personal responsibility. And here
reigned the same absurdities and illogical state of affairs as
flourish in our great representative bodies of the State. Names
were presented to this committee for election as secretaries,
treasurers, representatives of the members of the organization,
propaganda agents and God knows what else. And then they all
acted in common on every particular question and decided it by
vote. Accordingly, the director of propaganda voted on a
question that concerned the man who had to do with the finances
and the latter in his turn voted on a question that concerned only
the organization as such, the organizer voting on a subject that
had to do with the secretarial department, and so on.
Why select a special man for propaganda if treasurers and scribes
and commissaries, etc., had to deliver judgment on questions
concerning it? To a person of commonsense that sort of thing
seemed as incomprehensible as it would be if in a great
manufacturing concern the board of directors were to decide on
technical questions of production or if, inversely, the engineers
were to decide on questions of administration.
I refused to countenance that kind of folly and after a short time I
ceased to appear at the meetings of the committee. I did nothing
else except attend to my own department of propaganda and I did
not permit any of the others to poke their heads into my
activities. Conversely, I did not interfere in the affairs of others.
When the new statute was approved and I was appointed as
president, I had the necessary authority in my hands and also the
corresponding right to make short shrift of all that nonsense. In
the place of decisions by the majority vote of the committee, the
principle of absolute responsibility was introduced.
The chairman is responsible for the whole control of the
movement. He apportions the work among the members of the
committee subordinate to him and for special work he selects
other individuals. Each of these gentlemen must bear sole
responsibility for the task assigned to him. He is subordinate only
to the chairman, whose duty is to supervise the general
collaboration, selecting the personnel and giving general
directions for the coordination of the common work.
This principle of absolute responsibility is being adopted little by
little throughout the movement. In the small local groups and
perhaps also in the regional and district groups it will take yet a
long time before the principle can be thoroughly imposed,
because timid and hesitant characters are naturally opposed to it.
For them the idea of bearing absolute responsibility for an act
opens up an unpleasant prospect. They would like to hide behind
the shoulders of the majority in the socalled committee, having
their acts covered by decisions passed in that way. But it seems
to me a matter of absolute necessity to take a decisive stand
against that view, to make no concessions whatsoever to this fear
of responsibility, even though it takes some time before we can
put fully into effect this concept of duty and ability in leadership,
which will finally bring forward leaders who have the requisite
abilities to occupy the chief posts.
In any case, a movement which must fight against the absurdity
of parliamentary institutions must be immune from this sort of
thing. Only thus will it have the requisite strength to carry on the
struggle.
At a time when the majority dominates everywhere else a
movement which is based on the principle of one leader who has
to bear personal responsibility for the direction of the official acts
of the movement itself will one day overthrow the present
situation and triumph over the existing regime. That is a
mathematical certainty.
This idea made it necessary to reorganize our movement
internally. The logical development of this reorganization
brought about a clearcut distinction between the economic
section of the movement and the general political direction. The
principle of personal responsibility was extended to all the
administrative branches of the party and it brought about a
healthy renovation, by liberating them from political influences
and allowing them to operate solely on economic principles.
In the autumn of 1921, when the party was founded, there were
only six members. The party did not have any headquarters, nor
officials, nor formularies, nor a stamp, nor printed material of
any sort. The committee first held its sittings in a restaurant on
the Herrengasse and then in a café at Gasteig. This state of affairs
could not last. So I at once took action in the matter. I went
around to several restaurants and hotels in Munich, with the idea
of renting a room in one of them for the use of the Party. In the
old Sterneckerbräu im Tal, there was a small room with arched
roof, which in earlier times was used as a sort of festive tavern
where the Bavarian Counsellors of the Holy Roman Empire
foregathered. It was dark and dismal and accordingly well suited
to its ancient uses, though less suited to the new purpose it was
now destined to serve. The little street on which its one window
looked out was so narrow that even on the brightest summer day
the room remained dim and sombre. Here we took up our first
fixed abode. The rent came to fifty marks per month, which was
then an enormous sum for us. But our exigencies had to be very
modest. We dared not complain even when they removed the
wooden wainscoting a few days after we had taken possession.
This panelling had been specially put up for the Imperial
Counsellors. The place began to look more like a grotto than an
office.
Still it marked an important step forward. Slowly we had electric
light installed and later on a telephone. A table and some
borrowed chairs were brought, an open paperstand and later on a
cupboard. Two sideboards, which belonged to the landlord,
served to store our leaflets, placards, etc.
As time went on it turned out impossible to direct the course of
the movement merely by holding a committee meeting once a
week. The current business administration of the movement
could not be regularly attended to except we had a salaried
official.
But that was then very difficult for us. The movement had still so
few members that it was hard to find among them a suitable
person for the job who would be content with very little for
himself and at the same time would be ready to meet the
manifold demands which the movement would make on his time
and energy.
After long searching we discovered a soldier who consented to
become our first administrator. His name was Schüssler, an old
war comrade of mine. At first he came to our new office every
day between six and eight o'clock in the evening. Later on he
came from five to eight and subsequently for the whole
afternoon. Finally it became a fulltime job and he worked in the
office from morning until late at night. He was an industrious,
upright and thoroughly honest man, faithful and devoted to the
movement. He brought with him a small Adler typewriter of his
own. It was the first machine to be used in the service of the
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