Chapter 10:
Federalism as a Mask
In the winter of 1919, and still more in the spring and summer of
1920, the young Party felt bound to take up a definite stand on a
question which already had become quite serious during the War.
In the first volume of this book I have briefly recorded certain
facts which I had personally witnessed and which foreboded the
breakup of Germany. In describing these facts I made reference
to the special nature of the propaganda which was directed by the
English as well as the French towards reopening the breach that
had existed between North and South in Germany. In the spring
of 1915 there appeared the first of a series of leaflets which was
systematically followed up and the aim of which was to arouse
feeling against Prussia as being solely responsible for the war.
Up to 1916 this system had been developed and perfected in a
cunning and shameless manner. Appealing to the basest of
human instincts, this propaganda endeavoured to arouse the
wrath of the South Germans against the North Germans and after
a short time it bore fruit. Persons who were then in high positions
under the Government and in the Army, especially those attached
to headquarters in the Bavarian Army, merited the just reproof of
having blindly neglected their duty and failed to take the
necessary steps to counter such propaganda. But nothing was
done. On the contrary, in some quarters it did not appear to be
quite unwelcome and probably they were shortsighted enough to
think that such propaganda might help along the development of
unification in Germany but even that it might automatically bring
about consolidation of the federative forces. Scarcely ever in
history was such a wicked neglect more wickedly avenged. The
weakening of Prussia, which they believed would result from this
propaganda, affected the whole of Germany. It resulted in
hastening the collapse which not only wrecked Germany as a
whole but even more particularly the federal states.
In that town where the artificially created hatred against Prussia
raged most violently the revolt against the reigning House was
the beginning of the Revolution.
It would be a mistake to think that the enemy propaganda was
exclusively responsible for creating an antiPrussian feeling and
that there were no reasons which might excuse the people for
having listened to this propaganda. The incredible fashion in
which the national economic interests were organized during the
War, the absolutely crazy system of centralization which made
the whole Reich its ward and exploited the Reich, furnished the
principal grounds for the growth of that antiPrussian feeling.
The average citizen looked upon the companies for the placing of
war contracts, all of which had their headquarters in Berlin, as
identical with Berlin and Berlin itself as identical with Prussia.
The average citizen did not know that the organization of these
robber companies, which were called War Companies, was not in
the hands of Berlin or Prussia and not even in German hands at
all. People recognized only the gross irregularities and the
continual encroachments of that hated institution in the
Metropolis of the Reich and directed their anger towards Berlin
and Prussia, all the more because in certain quarters (the
Bavarian Government) nothing was done to correct this attitude,
but it was even welcomed with silent rubbing of hands.
The Jew was far too shrewd not to understand that the infamous
campaign which he had organized, under the cloak of War
Companies, for plundering the German nation would and must
eventually arouse opposition. As long as that opposition did not
spring directly at his own throat he had no reason to be afraid.
Hence he decided that the best way of forestalling an outbreak on
the part of the enraged and desperate masses would be to inflame
their wrath and at the same time give it another outlet.
Let Bavaria quarrel as much as it liked with Prussia and Prussia
with Bavaria. The more, the merrier. This bitter strife between
the two states assured peace to the Jew. Thus public attention
was completely diverted from the international maggot in the
body of the nation; indeed, he seemed to have been forgotten.
Then when there came a danger that levelheaded people, of
whom there are many to be found also in Bavaria, would advise a
little more reserve and a more judicious evaluation of things, thus
calming the rage against Prussia, all the Jew had to do in Berlin
was to stage a new provocation and await results. Every time that
was done all those who had profiteered out of the conflict
between North and South filled their lungs and again fanned the
flame of indignation until it became a blaze.
It was a shrewd and expert manoeuvre on the part of the Jew, to
set the different branches of the German people quarrelling with
one another, so that their attention would be turned away from
himself and he could plunder them all the more completely.
Then came the Revolution.
Until the year 1918, or rather until the November of that year, the
average German citizen, particularly the less educated lower
middleclass and the workers, did not rightly understand what
was happening and did not realize what must be the inevitable
consequences, especially for Bavaria, of this internecine strife
between the branches of the German people; but at least those
sections which called themselves 'National' ought to have clearly
perceived these consequences on the day that the Revolution
broke out. For the moment the coup d'état had succeeded, the
leader and organizer of the Revolution in Bavaria put himself
forward as the defender of 'Bavarian' interests. The international
Jew, Kurt Eisner, began to play off Bavaria against Prussia. This
Oriental was just about the last person in the world that could be
pointed to as the logical defender of Bavarian interests. In his
trade as newspaper reporter he had wandered from place to place
all over Germany and to him it was a matter of sheer indifference
whether Bavaria or any other particular part of God's whole
world continued to exist.
In deliberately giving the revolutionary rising in Bavaria the
character of an offensive against Prussia, Kurt Eisner was not
acting in the slightest degree from the standpoint of Bavarian
interests, but merely as the commissioned representative of
Jewry. He exploited existing instincts and antipathies in Bavaria
as a means which would help to make the dismemberment of
Germany all the more easy. When once dismembered, the Reich
would fall an easy prey to Bolshevism.
The tactics employed by him were continued for a time after his
death. The Marxists, who had always derided and exploited the
individual German states and their princes, now suddenly
appealed, as an 'Independent Party' to those sentiments and
instincts which had their strongest roots in the families of the
reigning princes and the individual states.
The fight waged by the Bavarian Soviet Republic against the
military contingents that were sent to free Bavaria from its grasp
was represented by the Marxist propagandists as first of all the
'Struggle of the Bavarian Worker' against 'Prussian Militarism.'
This explains why it was that the suppression of the Soviet
Republic in Munich did not have the same effect there as in the
other German districts. Instead of recalling the masses to a sense
of reason, it led to increased bitterness and anger against Prussia.
The art of the Bolshevik agitators, in representing the
suppression of the Bavarian Soviet Republic as a victory of
'Prussian Militarism' over the 'Antimilitarists' and 'AntiPrussian'
people of Bavaria, bore rich fruit. Whereas on the occasion of the
elections to the Bavarian Legislative Diet, Kurt Eisner did not
have ten thousand followers in Munich and the Communist party
less than three thousand, after the fall of the Bavarian Republic
the votes given to the two parties together amounted to nearly
one hundred thousand.
It was then that I personally began to combat that crazy
incitement of some branches of the German people against other
branches.
I believe that never in my life did I undertake a more unpopular
task than I did when I took my stand against the antiPrussian
incitement. During the Soviet regime in Munich great public
meetings were held at which hatred against the rest of Germany,
but particularly against Prussia, was roused up to such a pitch
that a North German would have risked his life in attending one
of those meetings. These meetings often ended in wild shouts:
"Away from Prussia", "Down with the Prussians", "War against
Prussia", and so on. This feeling was openly expressed in the
Reichstag by a particularly brilliant defender of Bavarian
sovereign rights when he said: "Rather die as a Bavarian than rot
as a Prussian".
One should have attended some of the meetings held at that time
in order to understand what it meant for one when, for the first
time and surrounded by only a handful of friends, I raised my
voice against this folly at a meeting held in the Munich
Löwenbräu Keller. Some of my War comrades stood by me then.
And it is easy to imagine how we felt when that raging crowd,
which had lost all control of its reason, roared at us and
threatened to kill us. During the time that we were fighting for
the country the same crowd were for the most part safely
ensconced in the rear positions or were peacefully circulating at
home as deserters and shirkers. It is true that that scene turned
out to be of advantage to me. My small band of comrades felt for
the first time absolutely united with me and readily swore to stick
by me through life and death.
These conflicts, which were constantly repeated in 1919, seemed
to become more violent soon after the beginning of 1920. There
were meetings – I remember especially one in the Wagner Hall in
the Sonnenstrasse in Munich – during the course of which my
group, now grown much larger, had to defend themselves against
assaults of the most violent character. It happened more than
once that dozens of my followers were mishandled, thrown to the
floor and stamped upon by the attackers and were finally thrown
out of the hall more dead than alive.
The struggle which I had undertaken, first by myself alone and
afterwards with the support of my war comrades, was now
continued by the young movement, I might say almost as a
sacred mission.
I am proud of being able to say today that we – depending almost
exclusively on our followers in Bavaria – were responsible for
putting an end, slowly but surely, to the coalition of folly and
treason. I say folly and treason because, although convinced that
the masses who joined in it meant well but were stupid, I cannot
attribute such simplicity as an extenuating circumstance in the
case of the organizers and their abetters. I then looked upon
them,and still look upon them today, as traitors in the payment of
France. In one case, that of Dorten, history has already
pronounced its judgment.
The situation became specially dangerous at that time by reason
of the fact that they were very astute in their ability to cloak their
real tendencies, by insisting primarily on their federative
intentions and claiming that those were the sole motives of the
agitation. Of course it is quite obvious that the agitation against
Prussia had nothing to do with federalism. Surely 'Federal
Activities' is not the phrase with which to describe an effort to
dissolve and dismember another federal state. For an honest
federalist, for whom the formula used by Bismarck to define his
idea of the Reich is not a counterfeit phrase, could not in the
same breath express the desire to cut off portions of the Prussian
State, which was created or at least completed by Bismarck. Nor
could he publicly support such a separatist attempt.
What an outcry would be raised in Munich if some prussian
conservative party declared itself in favour of detaching
Franconia from Bavaria or took public action in demanding and
promoting such a separatist policy. Nevertheless, one can only
have sympathy for all those real and honest federalists who did
not see through this infamous swindle, for they were its principal
victims. By distorting the federalist idea in such a way its own
champions prepared its grave. One cannot make propaganda for a
federalist configuration of the Reich by debasing and abusing
and besmirching the essential element of such a political
structure, namely Prussia, and thus making such a Confederation
impossible, if it ever had been possible. It is all the more
incredible by reason of the fact that the fight carried on by those
socalled federalists was directed against that section of the
Prussian people which was the last that could be looked upon as
connected with the November democracy. For the abuse and
attacks of these socalled federalists were not levelled against the
fathers of the Weimar Constitution – the majority of whom were
South Germans or Jews – but against those who represented the
old conservative Prussia, which was the antipodes of the Weimar
Constitution. The fact that the directors of this campaign were
careful not to touch the Jews is not to be wondered at and
perhaps gives the key to the whole riddle.
Before the Revolution the Jew was successful in distracting
attention from himself and his War Companies by inciting the
masses, and especially the Bavarians, against Prussia. Similarly
he felt obliged, after the Revolution, to find some way of
camouflaging his new plunder campaign which was nine or ten
times greater. And again he succeeded, in this case by provoking
the socalled 'national' elements against one another: the
conservative Bavarians against the Prussians, who were just as
conservative. He acted again with extreme cunning, inasmuch as
he who held the reins of Prussia's destiny in his hands provoked
such crude and tactless aggressions that again and again they set
the blood boiling in those who were being continually duped.
Never against the Jew, however, but always the German against
his own brother. The Bavarian did not see the Berlin of four
million industrious and efficient working people, but only the
lazy and decadent Berlin which is to be found in the worst
quarters of the West End. And his antipathy was not directed
against this West End of Berlin but against the 'Prussian' city.
In many cases it tempted one to despair.
The ability which the Jew has displayed in turning public
attention away from himself and giving it another direction may
be studied also in what is happening today.
In 1918 there was nothing like an organized antiSemitic feeling.
I still remember the difficulties we encountered the moment we
mentioned the Jew. We were either confronted with dumbstruck
faces or else a lively and hefty antagonism. The efforts we made
at the time to point out the real enemy to the public seemed to be
doomed to failure. But then things began to change for the better,
though only very slowly. The 'League for Defence and Offence'
was defectively organized but at least it had the great merit of
opening up the Jewish question once again. In the winter of
1918–1919 a kind of antisemitism began slowly to take root.
Later on the National Socialist Movement presented the Jewish
problem in a new light. Taking the question beyond the restricted
circles of the upper classes and small bourgeoisie we succeeded
in transforming it into the driving motive of a great popular
movement. But the moment we were successful in placing this
problem before the German people in the light of an idea that
would unite them in one struggle the Jew reacted. He resorted to
his old tactics. With amazing alacrity he hurled the torch of
discord into the patriotic movement and opened a rift there. In
bringing forward the ultramontane question and in the mutual
quarrels that it gave rise to between Catholicism and
Protestantism lay the sole possibility, as conditions then were, of
occupying public attention with other problems and thus ward off
the attack which had been concentrated against Jewry. The men
who dragged our people into this controversy can never make
amends for the crime they then committed against the nation.
Anyhow, the Jew has attained the ends he desired. Catholics and
Protestants are fighting with one another to their hearts' content,
while the enemy of Aryan humanity and all Christendom is
laughing up his sleeve.
Once it was possible to occupy the attention of the public for
several years with the struggle between federalism and
unification, wearing out their energies in this mutual friction
while the Jew trafficked in the freedom of the nation and sold our
country to the masters of international high finance. So in our
day he has succeeded again, this time by raising ructions between
the two German religious denominations while the foundations
on which both rest are being eaten away and destroyed through
the poison injected by the international and cosmopolitan Jew.
Look at the ravages from which our people are suffering daily as
a result of being contaminated with Jewish blood. Bear in mind
the fact that this poisonous contamination can be eliminated from
the national body only after centuries, or perhaps never. Think
further of how the process of racial decomposition is debasing
and in some cases even destroying the fundamental Aryan
qualities of our German people, so that our cultural creativeness
as a nation is gradually becoming impotent and we are running
the danger, at least in our great cities, of falling to the level where
Southern Italy is today. This pestilential adulteration of the
blood, of which hundreds of thousands of our people take no
account, is being systematically practised by the Jew today.
Systematically these negroid parasites in our national body
corrupt our innocent fairhaired girls and thus destroy something
which can no longer be replaced in this world.
The two Christian denominations look on with indifference at the
profanation and destruction of a noble and unique creature who
was given to the world as a gift of God's grace. For the future of
the world, however, it does not matter which of the two triumphs
over the other, the Catholic or the Protestant. But it does matter
whether Aryan humanity survives or perishes. And yet the two
Christian denominations are not contending against the destroyer
of Aryan humanity but are trying to destroy one another.
Everybody who has the right kind of feeling for his country is
solemnly bound, each within his own denomination, to see to it
that he is not constantly talking about the Will of God merely
from the lips but that in actual fact he fulfils the Will of God and
does not allow God's handiwork to be debased. For it was by the
Will of God that men were made of a certain bodily shape, were
given their natures and their faculties. Whoever destroys His
work wages war against God's Creation and God's Will.
Therefore everyone should endeavour, each in his own
denomination of course, and should consider it as his first and
most solemn duty to hinder any and everyone whose conduct
tends, either by word or deed, to go outside his own religious
body and pick a quarrel with those of another denomination. For,
in view of the religious schism that exists in Germany, to attack
the essential characteristics of one denomination must
necessarily lead to a war of extermination between the two
Christian denominations. Here there can be no comparison
between our position and that of France, or Spain or Italy. In
those three countries one may, for instance, make propaganda for
the side that is fighting against ultramontanism without thereby
incurring the danger of a national rift among the French, or
Spanish or Italian people. In Germany, however, that cannot be
so, for here the Protestants would also take part in such
propaganda. And thus the defence which elsewhere only
Catholics organize against clerical aggression in political matters
would assume with us the character of a Protestant attack against
Catholicism. What may be tolerated by the faithful in one
denomination even when it seems unjust to them, will at once be
indignantly rejected and opposed on a priori grounds if it should
come from the militant leaders of another denomination. This is
so true that even men who would be ready and willing to fight
for the removal of manifest grievances within their own religious
denomination will drop their own fight and turn their activities
against the outsider the moment the abolition of such grievances
is counselled or demanded by one who is not of the same faith.
They consider it unjustified and inadmissible and incorrect for
outsiders to meddle in matters which do not affect them at all.
Such attempts are not excused even when they are inspired by a
feeling for the supreme interests of the national community;
because even in our day religious feelings still have deeper roots
than all feeling for political and national expediency. That cannot
be changed by setting one denomination against another in bitter
conflict. It can be changed only if, through a spirit of mutual
tolerance, the nation can be assured of a future the greatness of
which will gradually operate as a conciliating factor in the sphere
of religion also. I have no hesitation in saying that in those men
who seek today to embroil the patriotic movement in religious
quarrels I see worse enemies of my country than the international
communists are. For the National Socialist Movement has set
itself to the task of converting those communists. But anyone
who goes outside the ranks of his own Movement and tends to
turn it away from the fulfilment of its mission is acting in a
manner that deserves the severest condemnation. He is acting as
a champion of Jewish interests, whether consciously or
unconsciously does not matter. For it is in the interests of the
Jews today that the energies of the patriotic movement should be
squandered in a religious conflict, because it is beginning to be
dangerous for the Jews. I have purposely used the phrase about
squandering the energies of the Movement, because nobody but
some person who is entirely ignorant of history could imagine
that this movement can solve a question which the greatest
statesmen have tried for centuries to solve, and tried in vain.
Anyhow the facts speak for themselves. The men who suddenly
discovered, in 1924, that the highest mission of the patriotic
movement was to fight ultramontanism, have not succeeded in
smashing ultramontanism, but they succeeded in splitting the
patriotic movement. I have to guard against the possibility of
some immature brain arising in the patriotic movement which
thinks that it can do what even a Bismarck failed to do. It will be
always one of the first duties of those who are directing the
National Socialist Movement to oppose unconditionally any
attempt to place the National Socialist Movement at the service
of such a conflict. And anybody who conducts a propaganda with
that end in view must be expelled forthwith from its ranks.
As a matter of fact we succeeded until the autumn of 1923 in
keeping our movement away from such controversies. The most
devoted Protestant could stand side by side with the most
devoted Catholic in our ranks without having his conscience
disturbed in the slightest as far as concerned his religious
convictions. The bitter struggle which both waged in common
against the wrecker of Aryan humanity taught them natural
respect and esteem. And it was just in those years that our
movement had to engage in a bitter strife with the Centre Party
not for religious ends but for national, racial, political and
economic ends. The success we then achieved showed that we
were right, but it does not speak today in favour of those who
thought they knew better.
In recent years things have gone so far that patriotic circles, in
godforsaken blindness of their religious strife, could not
recognize the folly of their conduct even from the fact that atheist
Marxist newspapers advocated the cause of one religious
denomination or the other, according as it suited Marxist
interests, so as to create confusion through slogans and
declarations which were often immeasurably stupid, now
molesting the one party and again the other, and thus poking the
fire to keep the blaze at its highest.
But in the case of a people like the Germans, whose history has
so often shown them capable of fighting for phantoms to the
point of complete exhaustion, every warcry is a mortal danger.
By these slogans our people have often been drawn away from
the real problems of their existence. While we were exhausting
our energies in religious wars the others were acquiring their
share of the world. And while the patriotic movement is debating
with itself whether the ultramontane danger be greater than the
Jewish, or vice versa, the Jew is destroying the racial basis of our
existence and thereby annihilating our people. As far as regards
that kind of 'patriotic' warrior, on behalf of the National Socialist
Movement and therefore of the German people I pray with all my
heart: "Lord, preserve us from such friends, and then we can
easily deal with our enemies." The controversy over federation
and unification, so cunningly propagandized by the Jews in
19191920 and onwards, forced National Socialism, which
repudiated the quarrel, to take up a definite stand in relation to
the essential problem concerned in it. Ought Germany to be a
confederacy or a military State? What is the practical
significance of these terms? To me it seems that the second
question is more important than the first, because it is
fundamental to the understanding of the whole problem and also
because the answer to it may help to clear up confusion and
therewith have a conciliating effect.
What is a Confederacy?
By a Confederacy we mean a union of sovereign states which of
their own free will and in virtue of their sovereignty come
together and create a collective unit, ceding to that unit as much
of their own sovereign rights as will render the existence of the
union possible and will guarantee it.
But the theoretical formula is not wholly put into practice by any
confederacy that exists today. And least of all by the American
Union, where it is impossible to speak of original sovereignty in
regard to the majority of the states. Many of them were not
included in the federal complex until long after it had been
established. The states that make up the American Union are
mostly in the nature of territories, more or less, formed for
technical administrative purposes, their boundaries having in
many cases been fixed in the mapping office. Originally these
states did not and could not possess sovereign rights of their own.
Because it was the Union that created most of the socalled
states. Therefore the sovereign rights, often very comprehensive,
which were left, or rather granted, to the various territories
correspond not only to the whole character of the Confederation
but also to its vast space, which is equivalent to the size of a
Continent. Consequently, in speaking of the United States of
America one must not consider them as sovereign states but as
enjoying rights or, better perhaps, autarchic powers, granted to
them and guaranteed by the Constitution.
Nor does our definition adequately express the condition of
affairs in Germany. It is true that in Germany the individual
states existed as states before the Reich and that the Reich was
formed from them. The Reich, however, was not formed by the
voluntary and equal cooperation of the individual states, but
rather because the state of Prussia gradually acquired a position
of hegemony over the others. The difference in the territorial area
alone between the German states prevents any comparison with
the American Union. The great difference in territorial area
between the very small German states that then existed and the
larger, or even still more the largest, demonstrates the inequality
of their achievements and shows that they could not take an
equal part in founding and shaping the federal Empire. In the
case of most of these individual states it cannot be maintained
that they ever enjoyed real sovereignty; and the term 'State
Sovereignty' was really nothing more than an administrative
formula which had no inner meaning. As a matter of fact, not
only developments in the past but also in our own time wiped out
several of these socalled 'Sovereign States' and thus proved in
the most definite way how frail these 'sovereign' state formations
were.
I cannot deal here with the historical question of how these
individual states came to be established, but I must call attention
to the fact that hardly in any case did their frontiers coincide with
ethical frontiers of the inhabitants. They were purely political
phenomena which for the most part emerged during the sad
epoch when the German Empire was in a state of exhaustion and
was dismembered. They represented both cause and effect in the
process of exhaustion and partition of our fatherland.
The Constitution of the old Reich took all this into account, at
least up to a certain degree, in so far as the individual states were
not accorded equal representation in the Reichstag, but a
representation proportionate to their respective areas, their actual
importance and the role which they played in the formation of
the Reich.
The sovereign rights which the individual states renounced in
order to form the Reich were voluntarily ceded only to a very
small degree. For the most part they had no practical existence or
they were simply taken by Prussia under the pressure of her
preponderant power. The principle followed by Bismarck was
not to give the Reich what he could take from the individual
states but to demand from the individual states only what was
absolutely necessary for the Reich. A moderate and wise policy.
On the one side Bismarck showed the greatest regard for customs
and traditions; on the other side his policy secured for the new
Reich from its foundation onwards a great measure of love and
willing cooperation. But it would be a fundamental error to
attribute Bismarck's decision to any conviction on his part that
the Reich was thus acquiring all the rights of sovereignty which
would suflice for all time. That was far from Bismarck's idea. On
the contrary, he wished to leave over for the future what it would
be difficult to carry through at the moment and might not have
been readily agreed to by the individual states. He trusted to the
levelling effect of time and to the pressure exercised by the
process of evolution, the steady action of which appeared more
effective than an attempt to break the resistance which the
individual states offered at the moment. By this policy he showed
his great ability in the art of statesmanship. And, as a matter of
fact, the sovereignty of the Reich has continually increased at the
cost of the sovereignty of the individual states. The passing of
time has achieved what Bismarck hoped it would.
The German collapse and the abolition of the monarchical form
of government necessarily hastened this development. The
German federal states, which had not been grounded on ethnical
foundations but arose rather out of political conditions, were
bound to lose their importance the moment the monarchical form
of government and the dynasties connected with it were
abolished, for it was to the spirit inherent in these that the
individual states owned their political origin and development.
Thus deprived of their internal raison d'être, they renounced all
right to survival and were induced by purely practical reasons to
fuse with their neighbours or else they joined the more powerful
states out of their own free will. That proved in a striking manner
how extraordinarily frail was the actual sovereignty these small
phantom states enjoyed, and it proved too how lightly they were
estimated by their own citizens.
Though the abolition of the monarchical regime and its
representatives had dealt a hard blow to the federal character of
the Reich, still more destructive, from the federal point of view,
was the acceptance of the obligations that resulted from the
'peace' treaty.
It was only natural and logical that the federal states should lose
all sovereign control over the finances the moment the Reich, in
consequence of a lost war, was subjected to financial obligations
which could never be guaranteed through separate treaties with
the individual states. The subsequent steps which led the Reich to
take over the posts and railways were an enforced advance in the
process of enslaving our people, a process which the peace
treaties gradually developed. The Reich was forced to secure
possession of resources which had to be constantly increased in
order to satisfy the demands made by further extortions.
The form in which the powers of the Reich were thus extended to
embrace the federal states was often ridiculously stupid, but in
itself the procedure was logical and natural. The blame for it
must be laid at the door of these men and those parties that failed
in the hour of need to concentrate all their energies in an effort to
bring the war to a victorious issue. The guilt lies on those parties
which, especially in Bavaria, catered for their own egotistic
interests during the war and refused to the Reich what the Reich
had to requisition to a tenfold greater measure when the war was
lost. The retribution of History! Rarely has the vengeance of
Heaven followed so closely on the crime as it did in this case.
Those same parties which, a few years previously, placed the
interests of their own states – especially in Bavaria – before those
of the Reich had now to look on passively while the pressure of
events forced the Reich, in its own interests, to abolish the
existence of the individual states. They were the victims of their
own defaults.
It was an unparalleled example of hypocrisy to raise the cry of
lamentation over the loss which the federal states suffered in
being deprived of their sovereign rights. This cry was raised
before the electorate, for it is only to the electorate that our
contemporary parties address themselves. But these parties,
without exception, outbid one another in accepting a policy of
fulfilment which, by the sheer force of circumstances and in its
ultimate consequences, could not but lead to a profound
alteration in the internal structure of the Reich. Bismarck's Reich
was free and unhampered by any obligations towards the outside
world.
Bismarck's Reich never had to shoulder such heavy and entirely
unproductive obligations as those to which Germany was
subjected under the Dawes Plan. Also in domestic affairs
Bismarck's Reich was able to limit its powers to a few matters
that were absolutely necessary for its existence. Therefore it
could dispense with the necessity of a financial control over these
states and could live from their contributions. On the other side
the relatively small financial tribute which the federal states had
to pay to the Reich induced them to welcome its existence. But it
is untrue and unjust to state now, as certain propagandists do,
that the federal states are displeased with the Reich merely
because of their financial subjection to it. No, that is not how the
matter really stands. The lack of sympathy for the political idea
embodied in the Reich is not due to the loss of sovereign rights
on the part of the individual states. It is much more the result of
the deplorable fashion in which the present régime cares for the
interests of the German people. Despite all the celebrations in
honour of the national flag and the Constitution, every section of
the German people feels that the present Reich is not in
accordance with its heart's desire. And the Law for the Protection
of the Republic may prevent outrages against republican
institutions, but it will not gain the love of one single German. In
its constant anxiety to protect itself against its own citizens by
means of laws and sentences of imprisonment, the Republic has
aroused sharp and humiliating criticism of all republican
institutions as such.
For another reason also it is untrue to say, as certain parties
affirm today, that the Reich has ceased to be popular on account
of its overbearing conduct in regard to certain sovereign rights
which the individual states had heretofore enjoyed. Supposing
the Reich had not extended its authority over the individual
states, there is no reason to believe that it would find more favour
among those states if the general obligations remained so heavy
as they now are. On the contrary, if the individual states had to
pay their respective shares of the highly increased tribute which
the Reich has to meet today in order to fulfil the provisions of the
Versailles Dictate, the hostility towards the Reich would be
infinitely greater. For then not only would it prove difficult to
collect the respective contributions due to the Reich from the
federal states, but coercive methods would have to be employed
in making the collections. The Republic stands on the footing of
the peace treaties and has neither the courage nor the intention to
break them. That being so, it must observe the obligations which
the peace treaties have imposed on it. The responsibility for this
situation is to be attributed solely to those parties who preach
unceasingly to the patient electoral masses on the necessity of
maintaining the autonomy of the federal states, while at the same
time they champion and demand of the Reich a policy which
must necessarily lead to the suppression of even the very last of
those socalled 'sovereign' rights.
I say necessarily because the present Reich has no other possible
means of bearing the burden of charges which an insane
domestic and foreign policy has laid on it. Here still another
wedge is placed on the former, to drive it in still deeper. Every
new debt which the Reich contracts, through the criminal way in
which the interests of Germany are represented visàvis foreign
countries, necessitates a new and stronger blow which drives the
under wedges still deeper, That blow demands another step in the
progressive abolition of the sovereign rights of the individual
states, so as not to allow the germs of opposition to rise up into
activity or even to exist.
The chief characteristic difference between the policy of the
present Reich and that of former times lies in this: The old Reich
gave freedom to its people at home and showed itself strong
towards the outside world, whereas the Republic shows itself
weak towards the stranger and oppresses its own citizens at
home. In both cases one attitude determines the other. A vigorous
national State does not need to make many laws for the interior,
because of the affection and attachment of its citizens. The
international servile State can live only by coercing its citizens to
render it the services it demands. And it is a piece of impudent
falsehood for the present regime to speak of 'Free citizens'. Only
the old Germany could speak in that manner. The present
Republic is a colony of slaves at the service of the stranger. At
best it has subjects, but not citizens. Hence it does not possess a
national flag but only a trade mark, introduced and protected by
official decree and legislative measures. This symbol, which is
the Gessler's cap of German Democracy, will always remain
alien to the spirit of our people. On its side, the Republic having
no sense of tradition or respect for past greatness, dragged the
symbol of the past in the mud, but it will be surprised one day to
discover how superficial is the devotion of its citizens to its own
symbol. The Republic has given to itself the character of an
intermezzo in German history. And so this State is bound
constantly to restrict more and more the sovereign rights of the
individual states, not only for general reasons of a financial
character but also on principle. For by enforcing a policy of
financial blackmail, to squeeze the last ounce of substance out of
its people, it is forced also to take their last rights away from
them, lest the general discontent may one day flame up into open
rebellion.
We, National Socialists, would reverse this formula and would
adopt the following axiom: A strong national Reich which
recognizes and protects to the largest possible measure the rights
of its citizens both within and outside its frontiers can allow
freedom to reign at home without trembling for the safety of the
State. On the other hand, a strong national Government can
intervene to a considerable degree in the liberties of the
individual subject as well as in the liberties of the constituent
states without thereby weakening the ideal of the Reich; and it
can do this while recognizing its responsibility for the ideal of
the Reich, because in these particular acts and measures the
individual citizen recognizes a means of promoting the prestige
of the nation as a whole.
Of course, every State in the world has to face the question of
unification in its internal organization. And Germany is no
exception in this matter. Nowadays it is absurd to speak of 'statal
sovereignty' for the constituent states of the Reich, because that
has already become impossible on account of the ridiculously
small size of so many of these states. In the sphere of commerce
as well as that of administration the importance of the individual
states has been steadily decreasing. Modern means of
communication and mechanical progress have been increasingly
restricting distance and space. What was once a State is today
only a province and the territory covered by a modern State had
once the importance of a continent. The purely technical
difficulty of administering a State like Germany is not greater
than that of governing a province like Brandenburg a hundred
years ago. And today it is easier to cover the distance from
Munich to Berlin than it was to cover the distance from Munich
to Starnberg a hundred years ago. In view of the modern means
of transport, the whole territory of the Reich today is smaller than
that of certain German federal states at the time of the
Napoleonic wars. To close one's eyes to the consequences of
these facts means to live in the past. There always were, there are
and always will be, men who do this. They may retard but they
cannot stop the revolutions of history.
We, National Socialists, must not allow the consequences of that
truth to pass by us unnoticed. In these matters also we must not
permit ourselves to be misled by the phrases of our socalled
national bourgeois parties. I say 'phrases', because these same
parodies do not seriously believe that it is possible for them to
carry out their proposals, and because they themselves are the
chief culprits and also the accomplices responsible for the
present state of affairs. Especially in Bavaria, the demands for a
halt in the process of centralization can be no more than a party
move behind which there is no serious idea. If these parties ever
had to pass from the realm of phrasemaking into that of practical
deeds they would present a sorry spectacle. Every socalled
'Robbery of Sovereign Rights' from Bavaria by the Reich has met
with no practical resistance, except for some fatuous barking by
way of protest. Indeed, when anyone seriously opposed the
madness that was shown in carrying out this system of
centralization he was told by those same parties that he
understood nothing of the nature and needs of the State today.
They slandered him and pronounced him anathema and
persecuted him until he was either shut up in prison or illegally
deprived of the right of public speech. In the light of these facts
our followers should become all the more convinced of the
profound hypocrisy which characterizes these socalled federalist
circles. To a certain extent they use the federalist doctrine just as
they use the name of religion, merely as a means of promoting
their own base party interests.
A certain unification, especially in the field of transport., appears
logical. But we, National Socialists, feel it our duty to oppose
with all our might such a development in the modern State,
especially when the measures proposed are solely for the purpose
of screening a disastrous foreign policy and making it possible.
And just because the present Reich has threatened to take over
the railways, the posts, the finances, etc., not from the high
standpoint of a national policy, but in order to have in its hands
the means and pledges for an unlimited policy of fulfilment – for
that reason we, National Socialists, must take every step that
seems suitable to obstruct and, if possible, definitely to prevent
such a policy. We must fight against the present system of
amalgamating institutions that are vitally important for the
existence of our people, because this system is being adopted
solely to facilitate the payment of milliards and the transference
of pledges to the stranger, under the postWar provisions which
our politicians have accepted.
For these reasons also the National Socialist Movement has to
take up a stand against such tendencies.
Moreover, we must oppose such centralization because in
domestic affairs it helps to reinforce a system of government
which in all its manifestations has brought the greatest
misfortunes on the German nation. The present Jewish
Democratic Reich, which has become a veritable curse for the
German people, is seeking to negative the force of the criticism
offered by all the federal states which have not yet become
imbued with the spirit of the age, and is trying to carry out this
policy by crushing them to the point of annihilation. In face of
this we National Socialists must try to ground the opposition of
the individual states on such a basis that it will be able to operate
with a good promise of success. We must do this by transforming
the struggle against centralization into something that will be an
expression of the higher interests of the German nation as such.
Therefore, while the Bavarian Populist Party, acting from its own
narrow and particularist standpoint, fights to maintain the 'special
rights' of the Bavarian State, we ought to stand on quite a
different ground in fighting for the same rights. Our grounds
ought to be those of the higher national interests in opposition to
the November Democracy.
A still further reason for opposing a centralizing process of that
kind arises from the certain conviction that in great part this so
called nationalization does not make for unification at all and still
less for simplification. In many cases it is adopted simply as a
means of removing from the sovereign control of the individual
states certain institutions which they wish to place in the hands of
the revolutionary parties. In German History favouritism has
never been of so base a character as in the democratic republic. A
great portion of this centralization today is the work of parties
which once promised that they would open the way for the
promotion of talent, meaning thereby that they would fill those
posts and offices entirely with their own partisans. Since the
foundation of the Republic the Jews especially have been
obtaining positions in the economic institutions taken over by the
Reich and also positions in the national administration, so that
the one and the other have become preserves of Jewry.
For tactical reasons, this last consideration obliges us to watch
with the greatest attention every further attempt at centralization
and fight it at each step. But in doing this our standpoint must
always be that of a lofty national policy and never a pettifogging
particularism.
This last observation is necessary, lest an opinion might arise
among our own followers that we do not accredit to the Reich the
right of incorporating in itself a sovereignty which is superior to
that of the constituent states. As regards this right we cannot and
must not entertain the slightest doubt. Because for us the State is
nothing but a form. Its substance, or content, is the essential
thing. And that is the nation, the people. It is clear therefore that
every other interest must be subordinated to the supreme interests
of the nation. In particular we cannot accredit to any other state a
sovereign power and sovereign rights within the confines of the
nation and the Reich, which represents the nation. The absurdity
which some federal states commit by maintaining
'representations' abroad and corresponding foreign
'representations' among themselves – that must cease and will
cease. Until this happens we cannot be surprised if certain
foreign countries are dubious about the political unity of the
Reich and act accordingly. The absurdity of these
'representations' is all the greater because they do harm and do
not bring the slightest advantage. If the interests of a German
abroad cannot be protected by the ambassador of the Reich,
much less can they be protected by the minister from some small
federal state which appears ridiculous in the framework of the
present world order. The real truth is that these small federal
states are envisaged as points of attack for attempts at secession,
which prospect is always pleasing to a certain foreign State. We,
National Socialists, must not allow some noble caste which has
become effete with age to occupy an ambassadorial post abroad,
with the idea that by engrafting one of its withered branches in
new soil the green leaves may sprout again. Already in the time
of the old Reich our diplomatic representatives abroad were such
a sorry lot that a further trial of that experience would be out of
the question.
It is certain that in the future the importance of the individual
states will be transferred to the sphere of our cultural policy. The
monarch who did most to make Bavaria an important centre was
not an obstinate particularist with antiGerman tendencies, but
Ludwig I who was as much devoted to the ideal of German
greatness as he was to that of art. His first consideration was to
use the powers of the state to develop the cultural position of
Bavaria and not its political power. And in doing this he
produced better and more durable results than if he had followed
any other line of conduct. Up to this time Munich was a
provincial residence town of only small importance, but he
transformed it into the metropolis of German art and by doing so
he made it an intellectual centre which even today holds
Franconia to Bavaria, though the Franconians are of quite a
different temperament. If Munich had remained as it had been
earlier, what has happened in Saxony would have been repeated
in Bavaria, with the diAerence that Leipzig and Bavarian
Nürnberg would have become, not Bavarian but Franconian
cities. It was not the cry of "Down with Prussia" that made
Munich great. What made this a city of importance was the King
who wished to present it to the German nation as an artistic jewel
that would have to be seen and appreciated, and so it has turned
out in fact. Therein lies a lesson for the future. The importance of
the individual states in the future will no longer lie in their
political or statal power. I look to them rather as important
ethnical and cultural centres. But even in this respect time will do
its levelling work. Modern travelling facilities shuffle people
among one another in such a way that tribal boundaries will fade
out and even the cultural picture will gradually become more of a
uniform pattern.
The army must definitely be kept clear of the influence of the
individual states. The coming National Socialist State must not
fall back into the error of the past by imposing on the army a task
which is not within its sphere and never should have been
assigned to it. The German army does not exist for the purpose of
being a school in which tribal particularisms are to be cultivated
and preserved, but rather as a school for teaching all the Germans
to understand and adapt their habits to one another. Whatever
tends to have a separating influence in the life of the nation ought
to be made a unifying influence in the army. The army must raise
the German boy above the narrow horizon of his own little native
province and set him within the broad picture of the nation. The
youth must learn to know, not the confines of his own region but
those of the fatherland, because it is the latter that he will have to
defend one day. It is therefore absurd to have the German youth
do his military training in his own native region. During that
period he ought to learn to know Germany. This is all the more
important today, since young Germans no longer travel on their
own account as they once used to do and thus enlarge their
horizon. In view of this, is it not absurd to leave the young
Bavarian recruit at Munich, the recruit from Baden at Baden
itself and the Württemberger at Stuttgart and so on? And would it
not be more reasonable to show the Rhine and the North Sea to
the Bavarian, the Alps to the native of Hamburg and the
mountains of Central Germany to the boy from East Prussia? The
character proper to each region ought to be maintained in the
troops but not in the training garrisons. We may disapprove of
every attempt at unification but not that of unifying the army. On
the contrary, even though we should wish to welcome no other
kind of unification, this must be greeted with joy. In view of the
size of the present army of the Reich, it would be absurd to
maintain the federal divisions among the troops. Moreover, in the
unification of the German army which has actually been effected
we see a fact which we must not renounce but restore in the
future national army.
Finally a new and triumphant idea should burst every chain
which tends to paralyse its efforts to push forward. National
Socialism must claim the right to impose its principles on the
whole German nation, without regard to what were hitherto the
confines of federal states. And we must educate the German
nation in our ideas and principles. As the Churches do not feel
themselves bound or limited by political confines, so the
National Socialist Idea cannot feel itself limited to the territories
of the individual federal states that belong to our Fatherland.
The National Socialist doctrine is not handmaid to the political
interests of the single federal states. One day it must become
teacher to the whole German nation. It must determine the life of
the whole people and shape that life anew. For this reason we
must imperatively demand the right to overstep boundaries that
have been traced by a political development which we repudiate.
The more completely our ideas triumph, the more liberty can we
concede in particular affairs to our citizens at home.
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