part in public affairs. The second will be an attestation of his
physical health, which guarantees his fitness for marriage.
The People's State will have to direct the education of girls just
as that of boys and according to the same fundamental principles.
Here again special importance must be given to physical training,
and only after that must the importance of spiritual and mental
training be taken into account. In the education of the girl the
final goal always to be kept in mind is that she is one day to be a
mother.
It is only in the second place that the People's State must busy
itself with the training of character, using all the means adapted
to that purpose.
Of course the essential traits of the individual character are
already there fundamentally before any education takes place. A
person who is fundamentally egoistic will always remain
fundamentally egoistic, and the idealist will always remain
fundamentally an idealist. Besides those, however, who already
possess a definite stamp of character there are millions of people
with characters that are indefinite and vague. The born
delinquent will always remain a delinquent, but numerous people
who show only a certain tendency to commit criminal acts may
become useful members of the community if rightly trained;
whereas, on the other hand, weak and unstable characters may
easily become evil elements if the system of education has been
bad.
During the War it was often lamented that our people could be so
little reticent. This failing made it very difficult to keep even
highly important secrets from the knowledge of the enemy. But
let us ask this question: What did the German educational system
do in preWar times to teach the Germans to be discreet? Did it
not very often happen in schooldays that the little telltale was
preferred to his companions who kept their mouths shut? Is it not
true that then, as well as now, complaining about others was
considered praiseworthy 'candour', while silent discretion was
taken as obstinacy? Has any attempt ever been made to teach that
discretion is a precious and manly virtue? No, for such matters
are trifles in the eyes of our educators. But these trifles cost our
State innumerable millions in legal expenses; for 90 per cent of
all the processes for defamation and such like charges arise only
from a lack of discretion. Remarks that are made without any
sense of responsibility are thoughtlessly repeated from mouth to
mouth; and our economic welfare is continually damaged
because important methods of production are thus disclosed.
Secret preparations for our national defence are rendered illusory
because our people have never learned the duty of silence. They
repeat everything they happen to hear. In times of war such
talkative habits may even cause the loss of battles and therefore
may contribute essentially to the unsuccessful outcome of a
campaign. Here, as in other matters, we may rest assured that
adults cannot do what they have not learnt to do in youth. A
teacher must not try to discover the wild tricks of the boys by
encouraging the evil practice of talebearing. Young people form
a sort of State among themselves and face adults with a certain
solidarity. That is quite natural. The ties which unite the tenyear
boys to one another are stronger and more natural than their
relationship to adults. A boy who tells on his comrades commits
an act of treason and shows a bent of character which is, to speak
bluntly, similar to that of a man who commits high treason. Such
a boy must not be classed as 'good', 'reliable', and so on, but
rather as one with undesirable traits of character. It may be rather
convenient for the teacher to make use of such unworthy
tendencies in order to help his own work, but by such an attitude
the germ of a moral habit is sown in young hearts and may one
day show fatal consequences. It has happened more often than
once that a young informer developed into a big scoundrel.
This is only one example among many. The deliberate training of
fine and noble traits of character in our schools today is almost
negative. In the future much more emphasis will have to be laid
on this side of our educational work. Loyalty, selfsacrifice and
discretion are virtues which a great nation must possess. And the
teaching and development of these in the school is a more
important matter than many others things now included in the
curriculum. To make the children give up habits of complaining
and whining and howling when they are hurt, etc., also belongs
to this part of their training. If the educational system fails to
teach the child at an early age to endure pain and injury without
complaining we cannot be surprised if at a later age, when the
boy has grown to be the man and is, for example, in the trenches,
the postal service is used for nothing else than to send home
letters of weeping and complaint. If our youths, during their
years in the primary schools, had had their minds crammed with
a little less knowledge, and if instead they had been better taught
how to be masters of themselves, it would have served us well
during the years 1914–1918.
In its educational system the People's State will have to attach the
highest importance to the development of character, handin
hand with physical training. Many more defects which our
national organism shows at present could be at least ameliorated,
if not completely eliminated, by education of the right kind.
Extreme importance should be attached to the training of will
power and the habit of making firm decisions, also the habit of
being always ready to accept responsibilities.
In the training of our old army the principle was in vogue that
any order is always better than no order. Applied to our youth
this principle ought to take the form that any answer is better
than no answer. The fear of replying, because one fears to be
wrong, ought to be considered more humiliating than giving the
wrong reply. On this simple and primitive basis our youth should
be trained to have the courage to act.
It has been often lamented that in November and December 1918
all the authorities lost their heads and that, from the monarch
down to the last divisional commander, nobody had sufficient
mettle to make a decision on his own responsibility. That terrible
fact constitutes a grave rebuke to our educational system;
because what was then revealed on a colossal scale at that
moment of catastrophe was only what happens on a smaller scale
everywhere among us. It is the lack of willpower, and not the
lack of arms, which renders us incapable of offering any serious
resistance today. This defect is found everywhere among our
people and prevents decisive action wherever risks have to be
taken, as if any great action can be taken without also taking the
risk. Quite unsuspectingly, a German General found a formula
for this lamentable lack of the willtoact when he said: "I act
only when I can count on a 51 per cent probability of success." In
that '51 per cent probability' we find the very root of the German
collapse. The man who demands from Fate a guarantee of his
success deliberately denies the significance of an heroic act. For
this significance consists in the very fact that, in the definite
knowledge that the situation in question is fraught with mortal
danger, an action is undertaken which may lead to success. A
patient suffering from cancer and who knows that his death is
certain if he does not undergo an operation, needs no 51 per cent
probability of a cure before facing the operation. And if the
operation promises only half of one per cent probability of
success a man of courage will risk it and would not whine if it
turned out unsuccessful.
All in all, the cowardly lack of willpower and the incapacity for
making decisions are chiefly results of the erroneous education
given us in our youth. The disastrous effects of this are now
widespread among us. The crowning examples of that tragic
chain of consequences are shown in the lack of civil courage
which our leading statesmen display.
The cowardice which leads nowadays to the shirking of every
kind of responsibility springs from the same roots. Here again it
is the fault of the education given our young people. This
drawback permeates all sections of public life and finds its
immortal consummation in the institutions of government that
function under the parliamentary regime.
Already in the school, unfortunately, more value is placed on
'confession and full repentance' and 'contrite renouncement', on
the part of little sinners, than on a simple and frank avowal. But
this latter seems today, in the eyes of many an educator, to
savour of a spirit of utter incorrigibility and depravation. And,
though it may seem incredible, many a boy is told that the
gallows tree is waiting for him because he has shown certain
traits which might be of inestimable value in the nation as a
whole.
Just as the People's State must one day give its attention to
training the willpower and capacity for decision among the
youth, so too it must inculcate in the hearts of the young
generation from early childhood onwards a readiness to accept
responsibilities, and the courage of open and frank avowal. If it
recognizes the full significance of this necessity, finally – after a
century of educative work – it will succeed in building up a
nation which will no longer be subject to those defeats that have
contributed so disastrously to bring about our present overthrow.
The formal imparting of knowledge, which constitutes the chief
work of our educational system today, will be taken over by the
People's State with only few modifications. These modifications
must be made in three branches.
First of all, the brains of the young people must not generally be
burdened with subjects of which ninetyfive per cent are useless
to them and are therefore forgotten again. The curriculum of the
primary and secondary schools presents an odd mixture at the
present time. In many branches of study the subject matter to be
learned has become so enormous that only a very small fraction
of it can be remembered later on, and indeed only a very small
fraction of this whole mass of knowledge can be used. On the
other hand, what is learned is insufficient for anybody who
wishes to specialize in any certain branch for the purpose of
earning his daily bread. Take, for example, the average civil
servant who has passed through the Gymnasium or High School,
and ask him at the age of thirty or forty how much he has
retained of the knowledge that was crammed into him with so
much pains.
How much is retained from all that was stuffed into his brain? He
will certainly answer: "Well, if a mass of stuff was then taught, it
was not for the sole purpose of supplying the student with a great
stock of knowledge from which he could draw in later years, but
it served to develop the understanding, the memory, and above
all it helped to strengthen the thinking powers of the brain." That
is partly true. And yet it is somewhat dangerous to submerge a
young brain in a flood of impressions which it can hardly master
and the single elements of which it cannot discern or appreciate
at their just value. It is mostly the essential part of this
knowledge, and not the accidental, that is forgotten and
sacrificed. Thus the principal purpose of this copious instruction
is frustrated, for that purpose cannot be to make the brain capable
of learning by simply offering it an enormous and varied amount
of subjects for acquisition, but rather to furnish the individual
with that stock of knowledge which he will need in later life and
which he can use for the good of the community. This aim,
however, is rendered illusory if, because of the superabundance
of subjects that have been crammed into his head in childhood, a
person is able to remember nothing, or at least not the essential
portion, of all this in later life. There is no reason why millions of
people should learn two or three languages during the school
years, when only a very small fraction will have the opportunity
to use these languages in later life and when most of them will
therefore forget those languages completely. To take an instance:
Out of 100,000 students who learn French there are probably not
2,000 who will be in a position to make use of this
accomplishment in later life, while 98,000 will never have a
chance to utilize in practice what they have learned in youth.
They have spent thousands of hours on a subject which will
afterwards be without any value or importance to them. The
argument that these matters form part of the general process of
educating the mind is invalid. It would be sound if all these
people were able to use this learning in after life. But, as the
situation stands, 98,000 are tortured to no purpose and waste
their valuable time, only for the sake of the 2,000 to whom the
language will be of any use.
In the case of that language which I have chosen as an example it
cannot be said that the learning of it educates the student in
logical thinking or sharpens his mental acumen, as the learning
of Latin, for instance, might be said to do. It would therefore be
much better to teach young students only the general outline, or,
better, the inner structure of such a language: that is to say, to
allow them to discern the characteristic features of the language,
or perhaps to make them acquainted with the rudiments of its
grammar, its pronunciation, its syntax, style, etc. That would be
sufficient for average students, because it would provide a clearer
view of the whole and could be more easily remembered. And it
would be more practical than the presentday attempt to cram
into their heads a detailed knowledge of the whole language,
which they can never master and which they will readily forget.
If this method were adopted, then we should avoid the danger
that, out of the superabundance of matter taught, only some
fragments will remain in the memory; for the youth would then
have to learn what is worth while, and the selection between the
useful and the useless would thus have been made beforehand.
As regards the majority of students the knowledge and
understanding of the rudiments of a language would be quite
sufficient for the rest of their lives. And those who really do need
this language subsequently would thus have a foundation on
which to start, should they choose to make a more thorough
study of it.
By adopting such a curriculum the necessary amount of time
would be gained for physical exercises as well as for a more
intense training in the various educational fields that have
already been mentioned.
A reform of particular importance is that which ought to take
place in the present methods of teaching history. Scarcely any
other people are made to study as much of history as the
Germans, and scarcely any other people make such a bad use of
their historical knowledge. If politics means history in the
making, then our way of teaching history stands condemned by
the way we have conducted our politics. But there would be no
point in bewailing the lamentable results of our political conduct
unless one is now determined to give our people a better political
education. In 99 out of 100 cases the results of our present
teaching of history are deplorable. Usually only a few dates,
years of birth and names, remain in the memory, while a
knowledge of the main and clearly defined lines of historical
development is completely lacking. The essential features which
are of real significance are not taught. It is left to the more or less
bright intelligence of the individual to discover the inner
motivating urge amid the mass of dates and chronological
succession of events.
You may object as strongly as you like to this unpleasant
statement. But read with attention the speeches which our
parliamentarians make during one session alone on political
problems and on questions of foreign policy in particular.
Remember that those gentlemen are, or claim to be, the elite of
the German nation and that at least a great number of them have
sat on the benches of our secondary schools and that many of
them have passed through our universities. Then you will realize
how defective the historical education of these people has been.
If these gentlemen had never studied history at all but had
possessed a sound instinct for public affairs, things would have
gone better, and the nation would have benefited greatly thereby.
The subject matter of our historical teaching must be curtailed.
The chief value of that teaching is to make the principal lines of
historical development understood. The more our historical
teaching is limited to this task, the more we may hope that it will
turn out subsequently to be of advantage to the individual and,
through the individual, to the community as a whole. For history
must not be studied merely with a view to knowing what
happened in the past but as a guide for the future, and to teach us
what policy would be the best to follow for the preservation of
our own people. That is the real end; and the teaching of history
is only a means to attain this end. But here again the means has
superseded the end in our contemporary education. The goal is
completely forgotten. Do not reply that a profound study of
history demands a detailed knowledge of all these dates because
otherwise we could not fix the great lines of development. That
task belongs to the professional historians. But the average man
is not a professor of history. For him history has only one
mission and that is to provide him with such an amount of
historical knowledge as is necessary in order to enable him to
form an independent opinion on the political affairs of his own
country. The man who wants to become a professor of history
can devote himself to all the details later on. Naturally he will
have to occupy himself even with the smallest details. Of course
our present teaching of history is not adequate to all this. Its
scope is too vast for the average student and too limited for the
student who wishes to be an historical expert.
Finally, it is the business of the People's State to arrange for the
writing of a world history in which the race problem will occupy
a dominant position.
To sum up: The People's State must reconstruct our system of
general instruction in such a way that it will embrace only what
is essential. Beyond this it will have to make provision for a
more advanced teaching in the various subjects for those who
want to specialize in them. It will suffice for the average
individual to be acquainted with the fundamentals of the various
subjects to serve as the basis of what may be called an allround
education. He ought to study exhaustively and in detail only that
subject in which he intends to work during the rest of his life. A
general instruction in all subjects should be obligatory, and
specialization should be left to the choice of the individual.
In this way the scholastic programme would be shortened, and
thus several school hours would be gained which could be
utilized for physical training and character training, in will
power, the capacity for making practical judgments, decisions,
etc.
The little account taken by our school training today, especially
in the secondary schools, of the callings that have to be followed
in after life is demonstrated by the fact that men who are destined
for the same calling in life are educated in three different kinds of
schools. What is of decisive importance is general education only
and not the special teaching. When special knowledge is needed
it cannot be given in the curriculum of our secondary schools as
they stand today.
Therefore the People's State will one day have to abolish such
halfmeasures.
The second modification in the curriculum which the People's
State will have to make is the following:
It is a characteristic of our materialistic epoch that our scientific
education shows a growing emphasis on what is real and
practical: such subjects, for instance, as applied mathematics,
physics, chemistry, etc. Of course they are necessary in an age
that is dominated by industrial technology and chemistry, and
where everyday life shows at least the external manifestations of
these. But it is a perilous thing to base the general culture of a
nation on the knowledge of these subjects. On the contrary, that
general culture ought always to be directed towards ideals. It
ought to be founded on the humanist disciplines and should aim
at giving only the ground work of further specialized instruction
in the various practical sciences. Otherwise we should sacrifice
those forces that are more important for the preservation of the
nation than any technical knowledge. In the historical department
the study of ancient history should not be omitted. Roman
history, along general lines, is and will remain the best teacher,
not only for our own time but also for the future. And the ideal of
Hellenic culture should be preserved for us in all its marvellous
beauty. The differences between the various peoples should not
prevent us from recognizing the community of race which unites
them on a higher plane. The conflict of our times is one that is
being waged around great objectives. A civilization is fighting
for its existence. It is a civilization that is the product of
thousands of years of historical development, and the Greek as
well as the German forms part of it.
A clearcut division must be made between general culture and
the special branches. Today the latter threaten more and more to
devote themselves exclusively to the service of Mammon. To
counterbalance this tendency, general culture should be
preserved, at least in its ideal forms. The principle should be
repeatedly emphasized, that industrial and technical progress,
trade and commerce, can flourish only so long as a folk
community exists whose general system of thought is inspired by
ideals, since that is the preliminary condition for a flourishing
development of the enterprises I have spoken of. That condition
is not created by a spirit of materialist egotism but by a spirit of
selfdenial and the joy of giving one's self in the service of
others.
The system of education which prevails today sees its principal
object in pumping into young people that knowledge which will
help them to make their way in life. This principle is expressed in
the following terms: "The young man must one day become a
useful member of human society." By that phrase they mean the
ability to gain an honest daily livelihood. The superficial training
in the duties of good citizenship, which he acquires merely as an
accidental thing, has very weak foundations. For in itself the
State represents only a form, and therefore it is difficult to train
people to look upon this form as the ideal which they will have to
serve and towards which they must feel responsible. A form can
be too easily broken. But, as we have seen, the idea which people
have of the State today does not represent anything clearly
defined. Therefore, there is nothing but the usual stereotyped
'patriotic' training. In the old Germany the greatest emphasis was
placed on the divine right of the small and even the smallest
potentates. The way in which this divine right was formulated
and presented was never very clever and often very stupid.
Because of the large numbers of those small potentates, it was
impossible to give adequate biographical accounts of the really
great personalities that shed their lustre on the history of the
German people. The result was that the broad masses received a
very inadequate knowledge of German history. Here, too, the
great lines of development were missing.
It is evident that in such a way no real national enthusiasm could
be aroused. Our educational system proved incapable of selecting
from the general mass of our historical personages the names of a
few personalities which the German people could be proud to
look upon as their own. Thus the whole nation might have been
united by the ties of a common knowledge of this common
heritage. The really important figures in German history were not
presented to the present generation. The attention of the whole
nation was not concentrated on them for the purpose of
awakening a common national spirit. From the various subjects
that were taught, those who had charge of our training seemed
incapable of selecting what redounded most to the national
honour and lifting that above the common objective level, in
order to inflame the national pride in the light of such brilliant
examples. At that time such a course would have been looked
upon as rank chauvinism, which did not then have a very
pleasant savour. Pettifogging dynastic patriotism was more
acceptable and more easily tolerated than the glowing fire of a
supreme national pride. The former could be always pressed into
service, whereas the latter might one day become a dominating
force. Monarchist patriotism terminated in Associations of
Veterans, whereas passionate national patriotism might have
opened a road which would be difficult to determine. This
national passion is like a highly tempered thoroughbred who is
discriminate about the sort of rider he will tolerate in the saddle.
No wonder that most people preferred to shirk such a danger.
Nobody seemed to think it possible that one day a war might
come which would put the mettle of this kind of patriotism to the
test, in artillery bombardment and waves of attacks with poison
gas. But when it did come our lack of this patriotic passion was
avenged in a terrible way. None were very enthusiastic about
dying for their imperial and royal sovereigns; while on the other
hand the 'Nation' was not recognized by the greater number of
the soldiers.
Since the revolution broke out in Germany and the monarchist
patriotism was therefore extinguished, the purpose of teaching
history was nothing more than to add to the stock of objective
knowledge. The present State has no use for patriotic enthusiasm;
but it will never obtain what it really desires. For if dynastic
patriotism failed to produce a supreme power of resistance at a
time when the principle of nationalism dominated, it will be still
less possible to arouse republican enthusiasm. There can be no
doubt that the German people would not have stood on the field
of battle for four and a half years to fight under the battle slogan
'For the Republic,' and least of all those who created this grand
institution.
In reality this Republic has been allowed to exist undisturbed
only by grace of its readiness and its promise to all and sundry, to
pay tribute and reparations to the stranger and to put its signature
to any kind of territorial renunciation. The rest of the world finds
it sympathetic, just as a weakling is always more pleasing to
those who want to bend him to their own uses than is a man who
is made of harder metal. But the fact that the enemy likes this
form of government is the worst kind of condemnation. They
love the German Republic and tolerate its existence because no
better instrument could be found which would help them to keep
our people in slavery. It is to this fact alone that this
magnanimous institution owes its survival. And that is why it can
renounce any real system of national education and can feel
satisfied when the heroes of the Reich banner shout their hurrahs,
but in reality these same heroes would scamper away like rabbits
if called upon to defend that banner with their blood.
The People's State will have to fight for its existence. It will not
gain or secure this existence by signing documents like that of
the Dawes Plan. But for its existence and defence it will need
precisely those things which our present system believes can be
repudiated. The more worthy its form and its inner national
being. the greater will be the envy and opposition of its
adversaries. The best defence will not be in the arms it possesses
but in its citizens. Bastions of fortresses will not save it, but the
living wall of its men and women, filled with an ardent love for
their country and a passionate spirit of national patriotism.
Therefore the third point which will have to be considered in
relation to our educational system is the following:
The People's State must realize that the sciences may also be
made a means of promoting a spirit of pride in the nation. Not
only the history of the world but the history of civilization as a
whole must be taught in the light of this principle. An inventor
must appear great not only as an inventor but also, and even
more so, as a member of the nation. The admiration aroused by
the contemplation of a great achievement must be transformed
into a feeling of pride and satisfaction that a man of one's own
race has been chosen to accomplish it. But out of the abundance
of great names in German history the greatest will have to be
selected and presented to our young generation in such a way as
to become solid pillars of strength to support the national spirit.
The subject matter ought to be systematically organized from the
standpoint of this principle. And the teaching should be so
orientated that the boy or girl, after leaving school, will not be a
semipacifist, a democrat or of something else of that kind, but a
wholehearted German. So that this national feeling be sincere
from the very beginning, and not a mere pretence, the following
fundamental and inflexible principle should be impressed on the
young brain while it is yet malleable: The man who loves his
nation can prove the sincerity of this sentiment only by being
ready to make sacrifices for the nation's welfare. There is no such
thing as a national sentiment which is directed towards personal
interests. And there is no such thing as a nationalism that
embraces only certain classes. Hurrahing proves nothing and
does not confer the right to call oneself national if behind that
shout there is no sincere preoccupation for the conservation of
the nation's wellbeing. One can be proud of one's people only if
there is no class left of which one need to be ashamed. When one
half of a nation is sunk in misery and worn out by hard distress,
or even depraved or degenerate, that nation presents such an
unattractive picture that nobody can feel proud to belong to it. It
is only when a nation is sound in all its members, physically and
morally, that the joy of belonging to it can properly be intensified
to the supreme feeling which we call national pride. But this
pride, in its highest form, can be felt only by those who know the
greatness of their nation.
The spirit of nationalism and a feeling for social justice must be
fused into one sentiment in the hearts of the youth. Then a day
will come when a nation of citizens will arise which will be
welded together through a common love and a common pride
that shall be invincible and indestructible for ever.
The dread of chauvinism, which is a symptom of our time, is a
sign of its impotence. Since our epoch not only lacks everything
in the nature of exuberant energy but even finds such a
manifestation disagreeable, fate will never elect it for the
accomplishment of any great deeds. For the greatest changes that
have taken place on this earth would have been inconceivable if
they had not been inspired by ardent and even hysterical
passions, but only by the bourgeois virtues of peacefulness and
order.
One thing is certain: our world is facing a great revolution. The
only question is whether the outcome will be propitious for the
Aryan portion of mankind or whether the everlasting Jew will
profit by it.
By educating the young generation along the right lines, the
People's State will have to see to it that a generation of mankind
is formed which will be adequate to this supreme combat that
will decide the destinies of the world.
That nation will conquer which will be the first to take this road.
The whole organization of education and training which the
People's State is to build up must take as its crowning task the
work of instilling into the hearts and brains of the youth entrusted
to it the racial instinct and understanding of the racial idea. No
boy or girl must leave school without having attained a clear
insight into the meaning of racial purity and the importance of
maintaining the racial blood unadulterated. Thus the first
indispensable condition for the preservation of our race will have
been established and thus the future cultural progress of our
people will be assured.
For in the last analysis all physical and mental training would be
in vain unless it served an entity which is ready and determined
to carry on its own existence and maintain its own characteristic
qualities.
If it were otherwise, something would result which we Germans
have cause to regret already, without perhaps having hitherto
recognized the extent of the tragic calamity. We should be
doomed to remain also in the future only manure for civilization.
And that not in the banal sense of the contemporary bourgeois
mind, which sees in a lost fellow member of our people only a
lost citizen, but in a sense which we should have painfully to
recognize: namely, that our racial blood would be destined to
disappear. By continually mixing with other races we might lift
them from their former lower level of civilization to a higher
grade; but we ourselves should descend for ever from the heights
we had reached.
Finally, from the racial standpoint this training also must find its
culmination in the military service. The term of military service
is to be a final stage of the normal training which the average
German receives.
While the People's State attaches the greatest importance to
physical and mental training, it has also to consider, and no less
importantly, the task of selecting men for the service of the State
itself. This important matter is passed over lightly at the present
time. Generally the children of parents who are for the time being
in higher situations are in their turn considered worthy of a
higher education. Here talent plays a subordinate part. But talent
can be estimated only relatively. Though in general culture he
may be inferior to the city child, a peasant boy may be more
talented than the son of a family that has occupied high positions
through many generations. But the superior culture of the city
child has in itself nothing to do with a greater or lesser degree of
talent; for this culture has its roots in the more copious mass of
impressions which arise from the more varied education and the
surroundings among which this child lives. If the intelligent son
of peasant parents were educated from childhood in similar
surroundings his intellectual accomplishments would be quite
otherwise. In our day there is only one sphere where the family in
which a person has been born means less than his innate gifts.
That is the sphere of art. Here, where a person cannot just 'learn,'
but must have innate gifts that later on may undergo a more or
less happy development (in the sense of a wise development of
what is already there), money and parental property are of no
account. This is a good proof that genius is not necessarily
connected with the higher social strata or with wealth. Not rarely
the greatest artists come from poor families. And many a boy
from the country village has eventually become a celebrated
master.
It does not say much for the mental acumen of our time that
advantage is not taken of this truth for the sake of our whole
intellectual life. The opinion is advanced that this principle,
though undoubtedly valid in the field of art, has not the same
validity in regard to what are called the applied sciences. It is
true that a man can be trained to a certain amount of mechanical
dexterity, just as a poodle can be taught incredible tricks by a
clever master. But such training does not bring the animal to use
his intelligence in order to carry out those tricks. And the same
holds good in regard to man. It is possible to teach men,
irrespective of talent or no talent, to go through certain scientific
exercises, but in such cases the results are quite as inanimate and
mechanical as in the case of the animal. It would even be
possible to force a person of mediocre intelligence, by means of a
severe course of intellectual drilling, to acquire more than the
average amount of knowledge; but that knowledge would remain
sterile. The result would be a man who might be a walking
dictionary of knowledge but who will fail miserably on every
critical occasion in life and at every juncture where vital
decisions have to be taken. Such people need to be drilled
specially for every new and even most insignificant task and will
never be capable of contributing in the least to the general
progress of mankind. Knowledge that is merely drilled into
people can at best qualify them to fill government positions
under our present regime.
It goes without saying that, among the sum total of individuals
who make up a nation, gifted people are always to be found in
every sphere of life. It is also quite natural that the value of
knowledge will be all the greater the more vitally the dead mass
of learning is animated by the innate talent of the individual who
possesses it. Creative work in this field can be done only through
the marriage of knowledge and talent.
One example will suffice to show how much our contemporary
world is at fault in this matter. From time to time our illustrated
papers publish, for the edification of the German philistine, the
news that in some quarter or other of the globe, and for the first
time in that locality, a Negro has become a lawyer, a teacher, a
pastor, even a grand opera tenor or something else of that kind.
While the bourgeois blockhead stares with amazed admiration at
the notice that tells him how marvellous are the achievements of
our modern educational technique, the more cunning Jew sees in
this fact a new proof to be utilized for the theory with which he
wants to infect the public, namely that all men are equal. It does
not dawn on the murky bourgeois mind that the fact which is
published for him is a sin against reason itself, that it is an act of
criminal insanity to train a being who is only an anthropoid by
birth until the pretence can be made that he has been turned into
a lawyer; while, on the other hand, millions who belong to the
most civilized races have to remain in positions which are
unworthy of their cultural level. The bourgeois mind does not
realize that it is a sin against the will of the eternal Creator to
allow hundreds of thousands of highly gifted people to remain
floundering in the swamp of proletarian misery while Hottentots
and Zulus are drilled to fill positions in the intellectual
professions. For here we have the product only of a drilling
technique, just as in the case of the performing dog. If the same
amount of care and effort were applied among intelligent races
each individual would become a thousand times more capable in
such matters.
This state of affairs would become intolerable if a day should
arrive when it no longer refers to exceptional cases. But the
situation is already intolerable where talent and natural gifts are
not taken as decisive factors in qualifying for the right to a higher
education. It is indeed intolerable to think that year after year
hundreds of thousands of young people without a single vestige
of talent are deemed worthy of a higher education, while other
hundreds of thousands who possess high natural gifts have to go
without any sort of higher schooling at all. The practical loss thus
caused to the nation is incalculable. If the number of important
discoveries which have been made in America has grown
considerably in recent years one of the reasons is that the number
of gifted persons belonging to the lowest social classes who were
given a higher education in that country is proportionately much
larger than in Europe.
A stock of knowledge packed into the brain will not suffice for
the making of discoveries. What counts here is only that
knowledge which is illuminated by natural talent. But with us at
the present time no value is placed on such gifts. Only good
school reports count.
Here is another educative work that is waiting for the People's
State to do. It will not be its task to assure a dominant influence
to a certain social class already existing, but it will be its duty to
attract the most competent brains in the total mass of the nation
and promote them to place and honour. It is not merely the duty
of the State to give to the average child a certain definite
education in the primary school, but it is also its duty to open the
road to talent in the proper direction. And above all, it must open
the doors of the higher schools under the State to talent of every
sort, no matter in what social class it may appear. This is an
imperative necessity; for thus alone will it be possible to develop
a talented body of public leaders from the class which represents
learning that in itself is only a dead mass.
There is still another reason why the State should provide for this
situation. Our intellectual class, particularly in Germany, is so
shut up in itself and fossilized that it lacks living contact with the
classes beneath it. Two evil consequences result from this: First,
the intellectual class neither understands nor sympathizes with
the broad masses. It has been so long cut off from all connection
with them that it cannot now have the necessary psychological
ties that would enable it to understand them. It has become
estranged from the people. Secondly, the intellectual class lacks
the necessary willpower; for this faculty is always weaker in
cultivated circles, which live in seclusion, than among the
primitive masses of the people. God knows we Germans have
never been lacking in abundant scientific culture, but we have
always had a considerable lack of willpower and the capacity for
making decisions. For example, the more 'intellectual' our
statesmen have been the more lacking they have been, for the
most part, in practical achievement. Our political preparation and
our technical equipment for the world war were defective,
certainly not because the brains governing the nation were too
little educated, but because the men who directed our public
affairs were overeducated, filled to overflowing with
knowledge and intelligence, yet without any sound instinct and
simply without energy, or any spirit of daring. It was our nation's
tragedy to have to fight for its existence under a Chancellor who
was a dillydallying philosopher. If instead of a Bethmann von
Hollweg we had had a rough man of the people as our leader the
heroic blood of the common grenadier would not have been shed
in vain. The exaggeratedly intellectual material out of which our
leaders were made proved to be the best ally of the scoundrels
who carried out the November revolution. These intellectuals
safeguarded the national wealth in a miserly fashion, instead of
launching it forth and risking it, and thus they set the conditions
on which the others won success.
Here the Catholic Church presents an instructive example.
Clerical celibacy forces the Church to recruit its priests not from
their own ranks but progressively from the masses of the people.
Yet there are not many who recognize the significance of
celibacy in this relation. But therein lies the cause of the
inexhaustible vigour which characterizes that ancient institution.
For by thus unceasingly recruiting the ecclesiastical dignitaries
from the lower classes of the people, the Church is enabled not
only to maintain the contact of instinctive understanding with the
masses of the population but also to assure itself of always being
able to draw upon that fund of energy which is present in this
form only among the popular masses. Hence the surprising
youthfulness of that gigantic organism, its mental flexibility and
its iron willpower.
It will be the task of the Peoples' State so to organize and
administer its educational system that the existing intellectual
class will be constantly furnished with a supply of fresh blood
from beneath. From the bulk of the nation the State must sift out
with careful scrutiny those persons who are endowed with
natural talents and see that they are employed in the service of
the community. For neither the State itself nor the various
departments of State exist to furnish revenues for members of a
special class, but to fulfil the tasks allotted to them. This will be
possible, however, only if the State trains individuals specially
for these offices. Such individuals must have the necessary
fundamental capabilities and willpower. The principle does not
hold true only in regard to the civil service but also in regard to
all those who are to take part in the intellectual and moral
leadership of the people, no matter in what sphere they may be
employed. The greatness of a people is partly dependent on the
condition that it must succeed in training the best brains for those
branches of the public service for which they show a special
natural aptitude and in placing them in the offices where they can
do their best work for the good of the community. If two nations
of equal strength and quality engage in a mutual conflict that
nation will come out victorious which has entrusted its
intellectual and moral leadership to its best talents and that nation
will go under whose government represents only a common food
trough for privileged groups or classes and where the inner
talents of its individual members are not availed of.
Of course such a reform seems impossible in the world as it is
today. The objection will at once be raised, that it is too much to
expect from the favourite son of a highlyplaced civil servant, for
instance, that he shall work with his hands simply because
somebody else whose parents belong to the workingclass seems
more capable for a job in the civil service. That argument may be
valid as long as manual work is looked upon in the same way as
it is looked upon today. Hence the Peoples' State will have to
take up an attitude towards the appreciation of manual labour
which will be fundamentally different from that which now
exists. If necessary, it will have to organize a persistent system of
teaching which will aim at abolishing the presentday stupid
habit of looking down on physical labour as an occupation to be
ashamed of.
The individual will have to be valued, not by the class of work he
does but by the way in which he does it and by its usefulness to
the community. This statement may sound monstrous in an epoch
when the most brainless columnist on a newspaper staff is more
esteemed than the most expert mechanic, merely because the
former pushes a pen. But, as I have said, this false valuation does
not correspond to the nature of things. It has been artificially
introduced, and there was a time when it did not exist at all. The
present unnatural state of affairs is one of those general morbid
phenomena that have arisen from our materialistic epoch.
Fundamentally every kind of work has a double value; the one
material, the other ideal. The material value depends on the
practical importance of the work to the life of the community.
The greater the number of the population who benefit from the
work, directly or indirectly, the higher will be its material value.
This evaluation is expressed in the material recompense which
the individual receives for his labour. In contradistinction to this
purely material value there is the ideal value. Here the work
performed is not judged by its material importance but by the
degree to which it answers a necessity. Certainly the material
utility of an invention may be greater than that of the service
rendered by an everyday workman; but it is also certain that the
community needs each of those small daily services just as much
as the greater services. From the material point of view a
distinction can be made in the evaluation of different kinds of
work according to their utility to the community, and this
distinction is expressed by the differentiation in the scale of
recompense; but on the ideal or abstract plans all workmen
become equal the moment each strives to do his best in his own
field, no matter what that field may be. It is on this that a man's
value must be estimated, and not on the amount of recompense
received.
In a reasonably directed State care must be taken that each
individual is given the kind of work which corresponds to his
capabilities. In other words, people will be trained for the
positions indicated by their natural endowments; but these
endowments or faculties are innate and cannot be acquired by
any amount of training, being a gift from Nature and not merited
by men. Therefore, the way in which men are generally esteemed
by their fellowcitizens must not be according to the kind of
work they do, because that has been more or less assigned to the
individual. Seeing that the kind of work in which the individual
is employed is to be accounted to his inborn gifts and the
resultant training which he has received from the community, he
will have to be judged by the way in which he performs this
work entrusted to him by the community. For the work which the
individual performs is not the purpose of his existence, but only a
means. His real purpose in life is to better himself and raise
himself to a higher level as a human being; but this he can only
do in and through the community whose cultural life he shares.
And this community must always exist on the foundations on
which the State is based. He ought to contribute to the
conservation of those foundations. Nature determines the form of
this contribution. It is the duty of the individual to return to the
community, zealously and honestly, what the community has
given him. He who does this deserves the highest respect and
esteem. Material remuneration may be given to him whose work
has a corresponding utility for the community; but the ideal
recompense must lie in the esteem to which everybody has a
claim who serves his people with whatever powers Nature has
bestowed upon him and which have been developed by the
training he has received from the national community. Then it
will no longer be dishonourable to be an honest craftsman; but it
will be a cause of disgrace to be an inefficient State official,
wasting God's day and filching daily bread from an honest
public. Then it will be looked upon as quite natural that positions
should not be given to persons who of their very nature are
incapable of filling them.
Furthermore, this personal efficiency will be the sole criterion of
the right to take part on an equal juridical footing in general civil
affairs.
The present epoch is working out its own ruin. It introduces
universal suffrage, chatters about equal rights but can find no
foundation for this equality. It considers the material wage as the
expression of a man's value and thus destroys the basis of the
noblest kind of equality that can exist. For equality cannot and
does not depend on the work a man does, but only on the manner
in which each one does the particular work allotted to him. Thus
alone will mere natural chance be set aside in determining the
work of a man and thus only does the individual become the
artificer of his own social worth.
At the present time, when whole groups of people estimate each
other's value only by the size of the salaries which they
respectively receive, there will be no understanding of all this.
But that is no reason why we should cease to champion those
ideas. Quite the opposite: in an epoch which is inwardly diseased
and decaying anyone who would heal it must have the courage
first to lay bare the real roots of the disease. And the National
Socialist Movement must take that duty on its shoulders. It will
have to lift its voice above the heads of the small bourgeoisie and
rally together and coordinate all those popular forces which are
ready to become the protagonists of a new philosophy of life.
Of course the objection will be made that in general it is difficult
to differentiate between the material and ideal values of work and
that the lower prestige which is attached to physical labour is due
to the fact that smaller wages are paid for that kind of work. It
will be said that the lower wage is in its turn the reason why the
manual worker has less chance to participate in the culture of the
nation; so that the ideal side of human culture is less open to him
because it has nothing to do with his daily activities. It may be
added that the reluctance to do physical work is justified by the
fact that, on account of the small income, the cultural level of
manual labourers must naturally be low, and that this in turn is a
justification for the lower estimation in which manual labour is
generally held.
There is quite a good deal of truth in all this. But that is the very
reason why we ought to see that in the future there should not be
such a wide difference in the scale of remuneration. Don't say
that under such conditions poorer work would be done. It would
be the saddest symptom of decadence if finer intellectual work
could be obtained only through the stimulus of higher payment.
If that point of view had ruled the world up to now humanity
would never have acquired its greatest scientific and cultural
heritage. For all the greatest inventions, the greatest discoveries,
the most profoundly revolutionary scientific work, and the most
magnificent monuments of human culture, were never given to
the world under the impulse or compulsion of money. Quite the
contrary: not rarely was their origin associated with a
renunciation of the worldly pleasures that wealth can purchase.
It may be that money has become the one power that governs life
today. Yet a time will come when men will again bow to higher
gods. Much that we have today owes its existence to the desire
for money and property; but there is very little among all this
which would leave the world poorer by its lack.
It is also one of the aims before our movement to hold out the
prospect of a time when the individual will be given what he
needs for the purposes of his life and it will be a time in which,
on the other hand, the principle will be upheld that man does not
live for material enjoyment alone. This principle will find
expression in a wiser scale of wages and salaries which will
enable everyone, including the humblest workman who fulfils his
duties conscientiously, to live an honourable and decent life both
as a man and as a citizen. Let it not be said that this is merely a
visionary ideal, that this world would never tolerate it in practice
and that of itself it is impossible to attain.
Even we are not so simple as to believe that there will ever be an
age in which there will be no drawbacks. But that does not
release us from the obligation to fight for the removal of the
defects which we have recognized, to overcome the shortcomings
and to strive towards the ideal. In any case the hard reality of the
facts to be faced will always place only too many limits to our
aspirations. But that is precisely why man must strive again and
again to serve the ultimate aim and no failures must induce him
to renounce his intentions, just as we cannot spurn the sway of
justice because mistakes creep into the administration of the law,
and just as we cannot despise medical science because, in spite of
it, there will always be diseases.
Man should take care not to have too low an estimate of the
power of an ideal. If there are some who may feel disheartened
over the present conditions, and if they happen to have served as
soldiers, I would remind them of the time when their heroism
was the most convincing example of the power inherent in ideal
motives. It was not preoccupation about their daily bread that led
men to sacrifice their lives, but the love of their country, the faith
which they had in its greatness, and an all round feeling for the
honour of the nation. Only after the German people had become
estranged from these ideals, to follow the material promises
offered by the Revolution, only after they threw away their arms
to take up the rucksack, only then – instead of entering an earthly
paradise – did they sink into the purgatory of universal contempt
and at the same time universal want.
That is why we must face the calculators of the materialist
Republic with faith in an idealist Reich.
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