Author: Thomas e herchline, md; Chief Editor: Michael Stuart Bronze, md et all



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Document Outline

  • http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-overview
  • Tuberculosis 
    • Practice Essentials
      • Essential update: Prophylactic isoniazid reduces TB risk in children
      • Signs and symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Management
      • Image library
    • Background
      • Historical background
      • Resurgence of TB
      • Drug-resistant TB
      • Global surveillance and treatment of TB
      • Approach to TB in the emergency department
      • Extrapulmonary involvement in TB
      • Cutaneous TB
      • Ocular TB
      • Patient education
    • Pathophysiology
      • TB lesions
    • Etiology
      • Transmission
      • Extrapulmonary spread
      • Risk factors
      • TB in children
      • Genetic factors
    • Epidemiology
      • Occurrence in the United States
      • International statistics
      • Race-related demographics
      • Sex-related demographics
      • Age-related demographics
    • Prognosis
  • Pediatric Tuberculosis 
    • Overview of Tuberculosis
    • TB Risk Factors
      • Factors in acquiring TB infection
      • Factors in acquiring TB disease
    • Mechanism of TB Infection
      • Virulence factors and infective droplets
      • Seeding
      • Immune response
      • Disease progression
    • TB Incidence and Prevalence
      • Factors contributing to decline in US cases
    • ATS Staging Criteria of Pediatric TB
      • Stage 1
      • Stage 2
      • Stage 3
      • Stage 4
      • Stage 5
    • Overview of Pediatric TB Evaluation
      • Congenital TB
      • Asymptomatic infection
    • Evaluation of Pediatric Pulmonary TB
      • Endobronchial TB with lymphadenopathy
      • TB pleural effusion
      • Progressive primary TB
      • Reactivation TB
    • Evaluation of Pediatric Extrapulmonary TB
      • Lymphadenopathy
      • TB meningitis
      • Miliary TB
      • Bone or joint TB
      • Diagnostic Overview
      • Differentials
    • Tuberculin Skin Test
      • AAP guidelines for pediatric testing
      • Administration of TST
      • Interpretation of TST results
      • False-positive and false-negative results
      • Previous BCG vaccination
    • Specimen Collection for Analysis
      • Sputum specimens
      • Gastric aspirates
      • Bronchial secretions
      • Urine specimens
    • AFB Staining
    • Mycobacterium Cultures
      • Conventional growth techniques
      • Rapid growth techniques
    • Species Identification
    • Nucleic Acid Probes
    • Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
    • Immunoassays
    • M tuberculosis Drug Susceptibility
    • Serology
    • Management Overview
      • Pharmacotherapy considerations
      • Adverse drug effects
      • Bed rest
      • Consultations
    • Treatment of Pulmonary TB
    • Treating Extrapulmonary TB
    • Managing TB With HIV Coinfection
    • Multidrug-Resistant TB
    • Neonates With Household Contacts With TB
      • Mother with a positive TST result and no evidence of current disease
      • Mother has current disease but is noncontagious at delivery
      • Mother has current disease and is contagious at delivery
      • Mother with hematogenous spread
    • Surgical Management of TB
    • Complications of TB Disease
    • Outcomes of TB Disease
    • Patient Surveillance
    • Prevention of TB Disease
      • Patient education
      • Treatment of latent TB infection
      • Vaccination
    • Special Considerations
  • Tuberculosis Screening 
    • Overview
    • Selecting Individuals to Screen
    • Selecting a Test
    • Tuberculin Skin Test
      • Technique
      • Interpretation
    • Interferon-gamma Release Assays
      • QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube Test
      • T-SPOT.TB Test
    • Follow-up
  • Primary Tuberculosis Imaging 
    • Overview
      • Preferred examination
      • Mycobacteria
      • Limitations of techniques
      • Intervention
    • Radiography
      • Parenchymal consolidation in primary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Lymphadenopathy in primary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Airway involvement in primary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Pleural involvement in primary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Parenchymal manifestations of postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Lymphadenopathy in postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Airway involvement in postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Pleural involvement in postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Degree of confidence
      • False positives/negatives
    • Computed Tomography
      • Primary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis
      • Airway involvement
      • Pleural involvement
      • Degree of confidence
  • Association Between Tuberculin Skin Test Result and Clinical Presentation of Tuberculosis Disease
    • Abstract
    • Background
    • Methods
    • Results
      • Distribution of TST Results
      • Table 1.  Tuberculin skin test (TST) result and characteristics of selected culture-confirmed TB cases reported in the United States, 1993–2010 (N = 64,238)
      • TST Result and Clinical Category of Disease
      • Table 2.  Multinomial associations between clinical presentation of disease and tuberculin skin test (TST) result stratified by HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for age and sex among selected culture confirmed TB cases reported in the United States, 1993–2010 (N = 64,238)
      • Table 2.  Multinomial associations between clinical presentation of disease and tuberculin skin test (TST) result stratified by HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for age and sex among selected culture confirmed TB cases reported in the United States, 1993–2010 (N = 64,238)
      • Table 2.  Multinomial associations between clinical presentation of disease and tuberculin skin test (TST) result stratified by HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for age and sex among selected culture confirmed TB cases reported in the United States, 1993–2010 (N = 64,238)
      • Table 2.  Multinomial associations between clinical presentation of disease and tuberculin skin test (TST) result stratified by HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for age and sex among selected culture confirmed TB cases reported in the United States, 1993–2010 (N = 64,238)
      • TST Result and Sputum Smear Positivity
      • Table 3.  Association between TST result and sputum smear result for AFB among persons with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB, stratified by HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for age and sex (N = 46,680)
    • Discussion
    • Conclusions
      • References
  • Miliary Tuberculosis 
    • Overview of Miliary Tuberculosis
    • Pathophysiology of Miliary TB
    • Etiology of Miliary TB
    • Epidemiology of Miliary TB
    • Clinical Manifestations of Miliary TB
    • Differential Diagnosis of Miliary TB
    • Laboratory Studies for Miliary TB
      • Chemistry
      • Complete blood count
      • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
      • Cultures for mycobacteria
      • Coagulation studies
      • Tuberculin skin test
      • Nucleic acid probes
    • Imaging Studies for Miliary TB
      • Chest radiography
      • Chest CT scanning
      • Ultrasonography
      • Head CT scanning with contrast and/or MRI of the brain
      • Abdominal CT scanning
      • Echocardiography
    • Additional Tests and Procedures for Miliary TB
    • Histologic Findings of Miliary TB
    • Treatment Overview for Miliary TB
    • Pharmacological Therapy for Miliary TB
    • Further Inpatient Care for Miliary TB
    • Further Outpatient Care for Miliary TB
    • Miliary TB and Pregnancy
    • Transfer of Patients with Miliary TB
    • Prognosis of Miliary TB
    • Patient Education
  • Tuberculosis Organism-Specific Therapy 
    • Diagnostic Studies and Therapeutic Regimens
      • Appropriate cultures
      • Other diagnostic testing
      • First-line treatment recommendations (pulmonary disease)
      • Second-line treatments (for drug-resistant tuberculosis or intolerance to first-line drugs)
      • Continuation-phase therapy
      • Alternative-treatment recommendations
      • Treatment recommendations for extrapulmonary disease
      • Treatment of LTBI
      • Special considerations
      • Monitoring parameters

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