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interest from the translators. It was translated into Persian by Sheikh Mohamed Al-
Hafid Al-Boukhari and into Turkish language by Sheikh Al-Fadl Mohamed B en
Idriss Al-Badlissi.
For the translation of Koran received much interest from Arab translators.
Today, translation in the Arab world knows a sort of progression, especially with
its openness to Western theories and theorists, but it is still suffering from many
problems and difficulties.
To sum up, translation history is rich in inventions and theories. Each era is
characterized by the appearance of new theorists and fields of research in translation.
The translation history of the latter started to develop year by year, especially with
the great efforts.
Nowadays, translation research started to take another path, which is more
automatic. The invention of the internet, together with the new t and digital materials,
has increased cultural exchanges between nations. This leads translators to look for
ways to cope with these changes and to look for more practical techniques that
enable them to translate more and waste less. They also felt the need to enter the
world of cinematographic translation, hence the birth of audiovisual translation. The
latter technique, also called screen translation, is concerned with the translation of
all kinds of TV programs, including films, series, and documentaries. This field is
based on computers and translation software programs, and it is composed of two
methods: dubbing and subtitling. In fact, audiovisual translation marks a changing
era in the domain of translation.
Nowadays, translations know many changes. The proliferation of studies in the
domain helps in the development of translation and the birth of new theorists. Trans-
lation also benefits from the use of computers, digital materials and the spread of
databases of terminologies that offer translators a considerable number of dictionaries.
In short, translation has a very wide and rich history in the West. Since its birth,
translation was the subject of a variety of research and conflicts between theorists.
Each theorist approaches it according to his viewpoint and field of research, the fact
that gives its history a changing quality.
THE HISTORY OF TRANSLATION
IN WESTERN WORLD
Ilyas MEMMEDOV
Qafqaz Universiteti Tercume III
When we talk about the history of translation, we should think of the theories
and names that emerged at its different periods. In fact, each era is characterized by
specific changes in translation history, but these changes differ from one place to
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another. For example, the developments of translation in the western world are not
the same as those in the Arab world, as each nation knew particular incidents that
led to the birth of particular theories. So, what are the main changes that marked
translation history in both the West and the Arab world? a.Translation in the wes-
tern world For centuries, people believed in the relation between translation and the
story of the tower of Babel in the Book of Genesis. According to the Bible, the
descendants of Noah decided, after the great flood, to settle down in a plain in the
land of Shinar. There, they committed a great sin. Instead of setting up a society
that fits God's will, they decided to challenge His authority and build a tower that
could reach Heaven. However, this plan was not completed, as God, recognizing their
wish, regained control over them through a linguistic stratagem. He caused them to
speak different languages so as not to understand each other. Then, he scattered them
allover the earth. After that incident, the number of languages increased through di-
version, and people started to look for ways to communicate, hence the birth of
translation (Abdessalam Benabdelali, 2006) (1).
Actually, with the birth of translation studies and the increase of research in the
domain, people started to get away from this story of Babel, and they began to look
for specific dates and figures that mark the periods of translation history. Researchers
mention that writings on translation go back to the Romans. Eric Jacobson claims
that translating is a Roman invention. Cicero and Horace (first century BC) were the
first theorists who distinguished between word-for-word translation and sense-for-
sense translation. Their comments on translation practice influenced the following
generations of translation up to the twentieth century.
Another period that knew a changing step in translation development was mar-
ked by St Jerome (fourth century CE). "His approach to translating the Greek Sep-
tuagint Bible into Latin would affect later translations of the scriptures."
Later on, the translation of the Bible remained subject to many conflicts bet-
ween western theories and ideologies of translation for more than a thousand years.
Moreover, these conflicts on Bible translation were intensified with the coming
of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, when "translation came to be used as a
weapon in both dogmatic and political conflicts as nation states began to emerge
and the centralization of the Church started to weaken evidence in linguistic terms
by the decline of Latin as a universal language."
Needless to say that the invention of printing techniques in the fifteenth century
developed the field of translation and helped in the appearance of early theorists.
For instance, Etienne Dolet (1915-46), whose heretic mistranslation of one of Plato's
dialogues, the phrase "rien du tout" (nothing at all) that showed his disbelief in
immortality, led to his execution.
The seventeenth century knew the birth of many influential theorists such as Sir
John Denhom (1615-69), Abraham Cowley (1618-67), John Dryden (1631-1700),
who was famous for his distinction between three types of translation; metaphrase,
paraphrase and imitation, and Alexander Pope (1688-1744).
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In the eighteenth century, the translator was compared to an artist with a moral
duty both to the work of the original author and to the receiver. Moreover, with the
enhancement of new theories and volumes on translation process, the study of
translation started to be systematic; Alexander Frayer Tayler's volume Principles of
Translation (1791) is a case in point.
The nineteenth century was characterized by two conflicting tendencies; the
first considered translation as a category of thought and saw the translator as a creative
genius, who enriches the literature and language into which he is translating, while
the second saw him through the mechanical function of making a text or an author
known (McGuire) (5).
This period of the nineteenth century knew also the enhancement of Roman-
ticism, the fact that led to the birth of many theories and translations in the domain of
literature, especially poetic translation. An example of these translations is the one
used by Edward Fitzgerald (1809-1863) for Rubaiyat Omar Al-Khayyam (1858).
In the second half of the twentieth century, studies on translation became an
important course in language teaching and learning at schools. What adds to its value
is the creation of a variety of methods and models of translation. For instance, the
grammar-translation method studies the grammatical rules and structures of foreign
languages. The cultural model is also a witness for the development of translation
studies in the period. It required in translation not only a word-for-word substitution,
but also a cultural understanding of the way people in different societies think
(Mehrach,1977) (6). With this model, we can distinguish between the ethnographical-
semantic method and the dynamic equivalent method.
The period is also characterized by pragmatic and systematic approach to the
study of translation. The most famous writings and figures that characterize the
twenties are those of Jean-Paul Vinay and Darbelnet, who worked on a stylistic
comparative study of French and English (1958), Alfred Malblanc (1963), who is
affected by the Chomskyan generative grammar in his theories of translation, De
Beaugrand who writes a lot about translation, and many others who worked and still
work for the development of the domain.
Nowadays, translation research started to take another path, which is more
automatic. The invention of the internet, together with the new technological deve-
lopments in communication and digital materials, has increased cultural exchanges
between nations. This leads translators to look for ways to cope with these changes
and to look for more practical techniques that enable them to translate more and waste
less. They also felt the need to enter the world of cinematographic translation, hence
the birth of audiovisual translation. The latter technique, also called screen trans-
lation, is concerned with the translation of all kinds of TV programs, including films,
series, and documentaries. This field is based on computers and translation soft-
ware programs, and it is composed of two methods: dubbing and subtitling. In fact,
audiovisual translation marks a changing era in the domain of translation.
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In short, translation has a very wide and rich history in the West. Since its birth,
translation was the subject of a variety of research and conflicts between theorists.
Each theorist approaches it according to his viewpoint and field of research, the fact
that gives its history a changing quality.
TRANSLATION HISTORY
Samir BABAYEV
Qafqaz University Translation and Interpretation Department
III course Student
Everybody knows that besides other tools we need bricks to built houses, homes,
accomodations or buildings. That rule is the same in a language too. Words are the
bricks of a language. While putting up a house we should glue these stones and bricks.
In this situation cement comes to our help. But let’s think a bit. How do we can to
glue words? That’s very easy. The equivalents of cement in a language are Syllab-
les, Affixes, Articles, Particles and so on… Without using them the words coming
uninterrupted will seem as “word piles”. Also , they must be put in correct places.
Usually languages are the tonque of communication. In Azerbaijan it’s said :
“How many languages you know, such many person you are”… Means,
everybody has only one tonque, and each language is one person. You can speak at
least in one language, that’s why a person knowing a language is called a human. If
you know some more languages as Italian, Spanish, English, German, Russian or
etc. you will find another person or persons inside of you. And when you go abroad,
the language you know will help you to “SAVE YOUR DAY”.
There can be some incomprehensible situations that in spite of knowing your
native language you can’t even guess the meaning of sentences. It may be because
of having difficult structure, inaccurate meaning or other. But it’s not todays problem.
It has everytime been and still exists.
For instance : - Nizami Gencevi’s Xemse & and Muhammed Fuzuli’s quatrams,
poems, works are very difficult to be understood by a simple person. Therefore they
have to be translated into a simple form.
These two poets are very well known, and not only our people are interested in
them. Nations from abroad wanner read them too. Or vise-versa. Our people wanner
be cognizant about their famous poet’s or writer’s works. These demands complete
each-other.
But there are some solution ways. The major thing is translation. And the trans-
lation itself has 2 kinds too. First one is Machine translation, the second one is Human
translation.
The most preferred one is human translation. Because human has feeling and
can translate the text proper to context. But the machine translation is helpless in
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this time. If a human, if a translator translates Nizami’s works or Xemse, probably
he’ll face some structures related to mental and spiritual things that it’s almost im-
possible for machine translation.
The history of translation begins since the languages have been formed. In any
nation, in any sphere of world, where language exists there’s a need to translation.
India created ties with the Mediterranean in the 6 century BC and medical
theories found in Greek thinkers like Plato & Galen originated from India. In 9_th
& 10_th century Baghdad, the scientific and philosophical works of Anchient
Greece were translated into Arabic and this learning spread to Europe via Spain which
was virtually a Muslim country from the early 8_th century for 400 years.
The vast majority of Muslims in the world don’t speak Arabic,SO THE Qur’an
in its original language is not accessible to them. Nevertheless, Muslims have tra-
ditionally objectes to its translation on the grounds that it is the word of God. Islamic
doctrine teaches that the Qur’an is the miracle of Muhammad and neither its com-
position nor its contents can be imitated. However, those Islamic scholars who
advocate translation argue that the Qur’anic message is universal. According to the
Qur’an, they argue, God never sent a messenger who did not speak the language
of the people. For these believers the very verse explaining why the Qur’an was re-
vealed in Arabic implies an obligation to translate and transmit its message to non-
Arabs. Translations of the Qur’an into other languages, for the express purpose of
making the meaning of the text available to all, may have existed as early as the 9
th
century ad. For both ceremonial and nonceremonial purposes, however, the Qur’an
must be recited in the original Arabic.
In the wake of new political freedom in Eastern Europe have come translations
of best-selling American and English authors. The history of translation is the his-
tory of the crucial but often invisible intersections in world culture.
Bible translation history is truly fascinating. There were many people that went
through a great deal in order to bring about the various versions of the Bible that
we have today, in order to give everyone a chance to read it.
Bible translation history is a great lesson regarding translation as well, because
it shows the effects that a translation can have on an individual or whole population.
Translation is about allowing the masses to have the same access to a certain text that
might have been previously unavailable.
The speaker will try to show some common threads in the history of translation
or at least some modern parallels with more ancient examples. As for instance the
perils of translating from Sumerian into Hebrew, Sacred Egyptian into Classical Greek,
or Aramaic into Arabic. Or the even greater physical perils suffered by translators
who have been murdered for their efforts, from a Persian interpreater executed by
Themistocles to French and English translators burnt at the stake by religious con-
servatives to the forced suicide of Walter Benjamin in Spain to the assassination of
Hitoshi Igarashi, Salman Rushdie’s Japanese translator. Voltaire’s translation of
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Hamlet’s soliloquy into rhymed Racinian alexandrine couplets will be compared
and contrasted with the problems of translating into and out of other “Public Pre-
sentation Languages,” such as the epigrammatic four-character maxims of Chinese
philosophy, poetry, and medicine. The work of a remarkable Iberian who long ago
invented the first relational data base and also sought to intervene between Chris-
tianity and Islam by translating his own works into Arabic will be described, as will
the career of Xuanzong, perhaps the best-known translator in the world. After a
brief glance at the Persian translation academy of Jundishapur and the convergence
at Toledo, the presentation will close with an attempt to characterize the past fifty years
in translation, which have witnessed our field’s greatest outgrowth but have also seen
the development of some curious beliefs concerning linguistics and machine trans-
lation.
At the end I want to say that translation made peoples life easier, especially the
people who come from different countries as tourists, as guests or as representatives….
Because they know that they will, they can make people understand them by
translating the sentences they speak….Thanks translation….Thanks inventors of
translation….
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R U S D İ L İ N D Ə M Ə R U Z Ə L Ə R
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА ТЕРМИНОВ
В ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКСТАХ
Фируза МАМЕДОВА
Бакинский славянский университет Факультет перевода
Характерными особенностями научно-технических текстов являются его
информативность, логичность, точность и объективность и вытекающие из
этих особенностей ясность и понятность. Отдельные тексты, принадлежащие
к данному стилю, могут обладать указанными чертами в большей или мень-
шей степени. Однако у всех таких текстов обнаруживается преимуществен-
ное использование языковых средств, которые способствуют удовлетворению
потребностей данной сферы общения. "то, прежде всего использование научно-
технической терминологии и так называемой специальной лексики. Под тер-
мином обычно понимается слово (или группа слов), имеющие в пределах
данной отрасли или специализации конкретный и единственный смысл, исклю-
чающий всякую возможность иного, отличающегося от предусмотренного
автором понимания или толкования.
Так, например, приведенные ниже слова и группы слов являются терми-
нами:
1. cost – затраты –xərclər;
2. stock exchange – товарная биржа - əmtəə birjası;
3. computer-aided design system – система автоматизированного проек-
тирования – avtomat layihələşdirmə sistemi;
4. light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation – квантовомеха-
ническое усиление или генерация света – işığın kvant-mexaniki gücləndiril-
məsi və yaxud generasiyası.
Из приведенных примеров видно, что термин может быть однословным и
состоять из ключевого слова, или представлять собой терминологическую
группу, в состав которой входит ключевое слово или ядро группы, одно или
несколько, левых определений, и одно или несколько правых или предлож-
ных определений, уточняющих или модифицирующих смысл термина.
Количество левых определений, присоединяемых к ядру термина в про-
цессе его развития, может доходить до 10-12, однако с ростом количества
присоединенных левых определений термин становится громоздким и начи-
нает проявлять тенденцию превращения в сокращение. Так термин может
встречаться в научных текстах, как в развернутой, так и в сокращенной форме:
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CAD – САПР. Термин может встречатся только в сокращенной форме
VHSIC, термин, как в английском, так и в русском и азербайджанском языке
в настоящее время встречается только в сокращенной форме laser – лазер -
lazer, которая не расшифровывается при переводе.
Процесс создания сложного термина может быть представлен в следую-
щем виде:
system – система – sistem;
control system – система управления – idarəetmə sistemi;
aircraft control system – система управления самолетом – təyyarələrin
idarə edilməsi sistemi;
fly-by-wire aircraft control system – электродистанционная система уп-
равления самолетом, ЭДСУ - təyyarələrin məsafədən elektron idarə edilməsi
sistemi;
digital fly-by-wire aircraft control system – цифровая электродистанцион-
ная система управления самолетом, цифровая ЭДСУ - təyyarələrin məsafədən
rəqəmsal elektron idarə edilməsi sistemi;
Процесс дальнейшего развития сложного термина отражает этапы после-
дующей разработки или модификации конкретной бортовой системы, агре-
гата или технологического процесса их изготовления.
Перевод сложной терминологической группы представляет собой ряд ло-
гически обусловленных операций, выполняемых в следующей последова-
тельности:
1. Идентификация терминологической группы, заключающаяся в выявле-
нии ключевого слова и определении границ слева и справа, т.е. крайне левого
определения и крайне правого определения.
2. Перевод ключевого слова как первичного значащего элемента группы.
При переводе ключевое слово переходит с характерного для английского
языка крайне правого положения на левое или крайне левое положение, ха-
рактерное для структуры русских терминологических групп.
3. Перевод ключевого слова совместно с первым уточняющим, т.е. наи-
более близким к базовому слову левым определением. Если базовым словом
группы является широкий термин "система", то для совместного перевода к
нему надо поставить вопрос "Какая система?" Ответом будет "Система управ-
ления".
4. Перевод уточненного значения ключевого слова совместно со вторым
уточняющим левым определением. Для этого ставится вопрос "Система уп-
равления чем?" Ответом будет "Система управления самолетом".
5. Перевод дважды уточненного значения ключевого слова совместно с
третьим уточняющим определением и т.д.
Таким образом, перевод терминологической группы производится в
порядке ее строительства, т.е. справа налево. Перевод входящих в состав
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