Anthrax
Diagnosis
Diagnostic tests
1st test to order
Test
Result
culture and Gram stain
• Gold standard test for diagnosis. Should be ordered in all patients
with suspected anthrax.
• The specimen collected for testing depends on the clinical
presentation.
[44]
• Cutaneous anthrax: lesion swabs are recommended by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sensitivity is limited (60%
to 65%).
[47]
Blood cultures are only recommended in patients with
signs of systemic infection (e.g., fever, tachycardia, tachypnoea,
hypotension).
• Inhalation anthrax: blood and pleural fluid are recommended by the
CDC.
• Ingestion anthrax: blood and ascites fluid are recommended by the
CDC. A rectal swab may be collected in patients with gastrointestinal
infection, or an oropharyngeal swab in patients with oropharyngeal
infection.
• Injection anthrax: blood is recommended by the CDC.
• Anthrax meningitis: blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be
tested in patients with signs of meningitis (e.g., severe headache,
meningeal signs, altered mental status, seizures).
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