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This PDF of the BMJ Best Practice topic is based on the web version that was last updated: Aug 08, 2018.
BMJ Best Practice topics are regularly updated and the most recent version
of the topics can be found on bestpractice.bmj.com . Use of this content is
subject to our disclaimer. © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2018. All rights reserved.
21
Anthrax
Treatment
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Inhalation or ingestion anthrax
Inhalation anthrax as a result of biological warfare must be considered penicillin-resistant until
susceptibility testing is complete. Cephalosporin use should be avoided given concerns of constitutive and
inducible beta-lactamases in
B anthracis
.
[34]
During the anthrax attacks of 2001, combination therapy with two or more antibiotic agents was
associated with a greater chance for survival.
[61]
Given the limited number of cases and the paucity
of comparative data, the utility of combination therapy in inhalation anthrax has yet to be determined.
At this time, most experts agree that initial therapy with 2 or 3 agents is reasonable in the face of life-
threatening respiratory illness. In such cases, ≥2 antimicrobial agents should be given; ≥1 of these drugs
should have bactericidal activity against
B anthracis
and ≥1 of these drugs should be a protein synthesis
inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin plus clindamycin or linezolid is the preferred first-line regimen. If the strain is
susceptible to penicillin, then benzylpenicillin or ampicillin can replace ciprofloxacin. Alternative therapies
for ciprofloxacin, benzylpenicillin, or ampicillin include levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, meropenem, imipenem/
cilastatin, doripenem, or vancomycin. Alternative therapies for clindamycin or linezolid include doxycycline
or rifampicin; chloramphenicol is only indicated if safer alternatives fail.
[60]
There is no consensus or evidence to guide selection of a 3-drug regimen, and the choice of a 2- or 3-
drug regimen is largely dependent on individual practitioner preference. The third drug can be any agent
with activity against
B anthracis
that is not already being used.
Due to the potential for local persistence of aerosolised spores, any inhalation anthrax case should be
treated for 60 days. Oral therapy can be substituted for intravenous therapy once the patient's clinical
condition improves.
Raxibacumab and obiltoxaximab, monoclonal antibodies directed against
B anthracis
protective antigen,
are both approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of inhalation anthrax.
While there is a lack of human data, these agents have been found to be effective in animal studies.
[62]
[63]
A systematic review found that adjunctive treatment with these agents may play a role in enhancing
survival, particularly in patients for whom antimicrobial therapy alone does not work.
[64]
Supplies of
these drugs are held in the national stockpile in the US for use by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) in the event of an emergency. The FDA has also approved anthrax immunoglobulin for
the treatment of inhalation anthrax in combination with appropriate antibiotics.
[65]
The CDC recommends
that an antitoxin should be added to combination antimicrobial treatment as soon as possible in patients
where there is a high level of clinical suspicion for systemic anthrax. There are no data to suggest that
one antitoxin is better than another.
[60]
If a patient has pleural fluid or ascites secondary to infection from
B anthracis
, drainage of these fluid
collections is recommended. High lethal toxin concentrations have been detected in pleural fluid and
ascites, and reduction of this toxin level is thought to improve survival. A large case series examining this
relationship supports early and aggressive drainage of any clinical or radiographic pleural effusions.
[66]
If
re-accumulation of fluid occurs in the pleural or peritoneal space, repeat drainage is recommended.
Surgery may be indicated in some patients (e.g., patients with bowel ischaemia, necrosis, and
perforation).
[60]
22
This PDF of the BMJ Best Practice topic is based on the web version that was last updated: Aug 08, 2018.
BMJ Best Practice topics are regularly updated and the most recent version
of the topics can be found on bestpractice.bmj.com . Use of this content is
subject to our disclaimer. © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2018. All rights reserved.
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