Step 4. Select a microcontroller according to the desired system objective, the output
signals from the sensors, and the input signals required by the actuators. Read the technical
specifications of the microcontroller carefully. Be sure that:
• the number and types of I/O ports are compatible with the output and input signals of
the sensors and actuators;
• the CPU speed and memory size are enough for the desired objectives;
• there are no missing components between the microcontroller, the sensors, and
actuators such as converters or adapters, and if there are any, identify them; and
• the programming language(s) of the microcontroller is appropriate for the users.
Step 5. Build a prototype of the system with the selected sensors, actuators, and
microcontroller. This step typically includes the physical wiring of the hardware components.
If preferred, a virtual system can be built and tested in an emulator software to debug
problems before building and testing with the physical hardware to avoid unnecessary
hardware damage.
Step 6. Program the microcontroller. Develop a program with all required functions.
Load it to the microcontroller and debug with the system. All code should be properly
commented to make the program readable by other users later.
Step 7. Deploy and debug the system under the targeted working environment with
permanent hardware connections until everything works as expected.
Step 8. Document the system including, for example, specifications, a wiring diagram,
and a user’s manual.
Applications
Microcontroller-based measurement and control systems are commonly used in agricultural
and biological applications. For example, a field tractor has many microcontrollers, each
working with different mechanical modules to realize specific functions such as monitoring
and maintaining engine temperature and speed, receiving GPS signals for navigation and
precise control of implements for planting, spraying, and tillage. A linear or center pivot
irrigation system uses microcontrollers to ensure flow rate, nozzle pressure, and spray
pattern are all correct to optimize water use efficiency. Animal logging systems use
microcontrollers to manage the reading of ear tags when the animals pass a weighing
station or need to be presented with feed. A food processing plant uses microcontroller
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station or need to be presented with feed. A food processing plant uses microcontroller
systems to monitor and regulate processes requiring specific throughput, pressure,
temperature, speed, and other environmental factors. A greenhouse control system for
vegetable production will be used to illustrate a practical application of microcontrollers.
Modern greenhouse systems are designed to provide an optimal environment to efficiently
grow plants with minimal human intervention. With advanced electronic, computer,
automation, and networking technologies, modern greenhouse systems provide real-time
monitoring as well as automatic and remote control by implementing a combination of PC
communication, data handling, and storage, with microcontrollers each used to manage a
specific task (Figure 2.1.3). The specific tasks address the plants’ need for correct air
composition (oxygen and carbon dioxide), water (to ensure transpiration is optimized to
drive nutrient uptake and heat dispersion), nutrients (to maximize yield), light (to drive
photosynthesis), temperature (photosynthesis is maximized at a specific temperature for
each type of plant, usually around 25°C) and, in some cases, humidity (to help regulate
pests and diseases as well as photosynthesis). In a modern greenhouse, photosynthesis,
nutrient and water supplies, and temperature are closely monitored and controlled using
multiple sensors and microcontrollers.
As shown in Figure 2.1.3, the overall control of the greenhouse environment is divided into
two levels. The upper-level control system (Figure 2.1.4) integrates an array of lower-level
microcontrollers, each responsible for specific tasks in specific parts of the greenhouse, i.e.,
there may be multiple microcontrollers regulating light and shade in a very large
greenhouse.
Figure
2.1.3
: A diagram of a modern greenhouse system.
At the lower level, microcontrollers may work in sub-systems or independently. Each
microcontroller has its own suite of sensors providing inputs, actuators controlled by outputs,
an SD (secure digital) card as a local data storage unit, and a CPU to run a program to
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deliver functionality. Each program implements its rules or decisions independently but
communicates with the upper-level control system to receive time-specific commands and to
transmit data and status updates. Some sub-systems may be examined in more detail and
more frequently.
Figure
2.1.4
: The overall structure of a greenhouse measurement and control system.
The ventilation sub-system is designed to maintain the temperature and humidity required
for optimal plant growth inside the greenhouse. A schematic of a typical example (Figure
2.1.5) shows the sub-system structure. Multiple temperature and humidity sensors are
installed at various locations in the greenhouse and connected to the inputs of a
microcontroller. Target temperature and humidity values can be input using a keypad
connected to the microcontroller (Figure 2.1.6) or set by the upper-level control system.
Target values are also called “control set points” or simply “set points.” They are the values
the program is designed to maintain for the greenhouse. The microcontroller’s function is to
compare the measured temperature and humidity with the set point values to make a
decision and adjust internal temperature. If a change is needed, the microcontroller controls
actuators to turn on a heating device to raise the temperature (if temperature is below set
point) or a cooling system fan (if temperature is above set point) to bring the greenhouse to
the desired temperature and humidity.
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Figure
2.1.5
: Schematic of ventilation system.
The control panel in a typical ventilation system is shown in Figure 2.1.6. Here a green light
indicates that the heating unit is running, while the red lights indicate that both the cooling
unit and exhaust fans are off. The LCD displays the measured temperature and relative
humidity inside the greenhouse (first line of text), the set point temperature and humidity
values (second line of text), the active components (third line of text) and system status
(fourth line of text). As the measured temperature is cooler than the set point, the heating
unit has been turned on to increase the temperature from 22°C to 25°C. When the
measured temperature reaches 25°C, the heating unit will be switched off. It is also possible
to program alarms to alert an operator when any of the measured values exceed critical set
points.
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Figure
2.1.6
: The control panel in a ventilation system.
The nutrient and water supply sub-system (Figure 2.1.7) provides plants with water and
nutrients at the right time and the right amounts. It is possible to program a preset schedule
and preset values or to respond to sensors in the growing medium (soil, peat, etc.). As in
the temperature and humidity sub-system, the user can manually input set point values, or
the values can be received from the upper-level system. Ideally, multiple sensors are used to
measure soil moisture and nutrient levels in the root zone at various locations in the
greenhouse. The readings of the sensors are interpreted by the microcontroller. When
measured water or nutrient availability drops below a threshold, the microcontroller controls
an actuator to release more water and/or nutrients.
Figure
2.1.7
: The nutrient and water supply system.
The lighting sub-system (Figure 2.1.8) is designed to replace or supplement solar radiation
provided to the plants for photosynthesis. Solar radiation and light sensors are installed in
the greenhouse. The microcontroller reads data from these sensors and compares them with
set points. If the measured value is too high, the microcontroller actuates a shading
mechanism to cover the roof area. If the measured value is too low, the microcontroller
activates the shading mechanism to remove all shading and, if necessary, turns on
supplemental light units.
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Figure
2.1.8
: The schematic of lighting system.
The upper-level control system is usually built on a PC or a server, which provides overall
control through an integration of the subsystems. All of the sub-systems are connected to
the central control computer through serial or wireless communication, such as an RS-232
port, Bluetooth, or Ethernet. The central control computer collects the data from all of the
subsystems for processing analysis and record keeping. The upper-level control system can
make optimal control decisions based on the data from all subsystems. It also provides an
interface for the operator to manage the whole system, if needed. The central control
computer also collects all data from all sensors and actuators to populate a database
representing the control history of the greenhouse. This can be used to understand failure
and, once sufficient data are collected, to implement machine learning algorithms, if
required.
This greenhouse application is a simplified example of a practical complex control system.
Animal housing and other environmental control problems are of similar complexity. Modern
agricultural machinery and food processing plants can be significantly more complex to
understand and control. However, the principle of designing a hierarchical system with local
automation managed by a central controller is very similar. Machine learning and artificial
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intelligence are now being used to achieve precise and accurate controls in many
applications. Their control algorithms and strategies can be implemented on the upper-level
control system, and the control decisions can be sent to the lower-level subsystems to
implement the control functions.
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