Biologik kimyo
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. 94 Oqsil sintezining b o sq ich lari. Translyatsiyadan keyingi o ‘zgarishlar...........98 Oqsil biosintezining boshqarilishi. O qsil sintezi in g ib ito rlari....................... 105 VBOB F E R M E N T L A R Ferm entlam ing umum iy x ususiyatlari................................................................. I l l Ferm entlam ing spetsifik ta’sir q ilis h i.................................................................. 1 11 Tirik organizmlarda fermentativ reaksiyalar tezligining haroratga b o g 'liq lig i............................................................................................... 117
Ferm entlam ing tasnifi va nom enklaturasi........................................................... 119 Ferm entlar faolligini o'lchash b irlik lari.............................................................. 1 22
Klinik en z im o lo g iy a .............................................................................................. 129 VI
BOB V I T A M I N L A R Vitaminlar haqida umum iy tu sh u n c h a ................................................................ 135 Vitaminlar tasnifi .................................................................................................... 136 Vitamin A - retinol, antikseroftalmik v ita m in ................................................. 139 Vitamin D - kalsiferol va antiraxitik v ita m in .................................................... 142 Vitamin K .................................................................................................................. 1 4 4
Vitamin E .................................................................................................................. 1 45
Suvda eruvchan v ita m in la r................................................................................... 1 47
Vitamin B ................................................................................................................... 1 4 7
Vitamin B , ................................................................................................................. 1 4 7
Vitamin P P ............................................................................................................... 150 Vitamin B 6 ................................................................................................................. 150 Piridoksal-5-fosfatning asosiy biokim yoviy fu n k s iy a la r i............................. 151 Biotin (vitam in H ) ................................................................................................... 15 2 Folat kislota ............................................................................................................. 1 5 3 Vitamin B . , ................................................................................................................ 153 Pantoten kislota (B , v ita m in i).............................................................................. 1 5 4
Vitamin C .................................................................................................................. 1 5 5
Vitaminsimon m o d d a la r........................................................................................ 156 U b ix in o n ................................................................................................................... 1 5 6 Essensial y o g ‘ kislotalar (vitamin F ) .................................................................. 157 Bioflavonoidlar (Vitamin P) ................................................................................ 1 5 7
Para-am inobenzoy kislota (P A B K )..................................................................... 157 In o z it.......................................................................................................................... 158 Orotat kislota ........................................................................................................... 158 S-metilmetionin (vitamin U ) ................................................................................ 1 58
Lipoat k is lo ta ........................................................................................................... Pangam kislotasi (vitam in B |s) ........................................................................... 159 X o lin .......................................................................................................................... 1^9 Alim entar va ikkilam chi avitam inoz, gipovitam inozlar................................. 159 A ntivitam inlar.......................................................................................................... *6* VII BOB
M O D D A ALMASHINUVIGA K IR IS H OV QATLA N ISH BIOK IM YO SI M odda alm ashinuvi v a u n in g asosiy bo sq ich lari............................................. 162 Ovqatlanish b io k im y o s i........................................................................................ 164 M etabolizm to 'g 'ris id a tushuncha va metabolik y o i l a r ................................ 167 M odda alm ashinuvining o 'rg an ish y o il a r i ....................................................... 168 D ezintegratsiyalash................................................................................................ 168 VIII BOB B IO L O G IK MEMBRANALAR Biom em branalar vazifasi va tu z ilis h i................................................................ .170 Membrana o q s illa ri................................................................................................ .' ^2 M embrana uglevodlari: glikoproteinlar, g lik o lip id lar.....................................174 M em branalardagi lipid q o 's h q a v a t.................................................................... .174 M oddalam ing m em branalar orqali o ‘tkazilishi.................................................175 E n d o tsito z ..................................................................................................................1^9 H ujayra m em branasidagi re tse p to rla r.................................................................180 L iz o so m a la r............................................................................................................. .'8 2 IX BOB
B IO L O G IK OKSIDLANISH Biologik oksidlanish to ‘g ‘risida tushuncha ...................................................... 183 ADFning fosforillanishi (substratli va oksidlanishii fosfonllanishi) .......... 188 O ksidlanishli fosforillanish mexanizmi ...................................................... •• 189 Nafas olish va fosforillanish ingibitorlari ........................................................ 190 M ikrosomal o k sid la n ish ................................ ................... ................................... '9 0 K atabolizm ning um um iy y o i l a r i ....................................................................... 194 Pirouzum kislotasining oksidlanish y o ii bilan d ek arb o k sillan ish i............. 195 Limon kislota s i k l i ................................................................................................. 197 K atabalizm ning u m um iy y o ila r i bilan elektronlar taslush zanjirining b o g i a n i s h i.......................................................................................... 201 Uchkarbon kislotalar sikli boshqarilishining allostenk m ex an izm lari........ 202 T o'qim a nafas olishida karbonat angidridning hosil b o i i s h i ........................ 202 Krebs siklining b io kim yoviy funksiyalari ........................................................ 203 UGLEVODLAR ALMASHINUVI O vqat tarkibiga kiruvchi uglevodlar va ulam ing fu n k s iy a s i......................... 204 U glevodlam ing hazm lanishi va s o 'r i li s h i.......................................................... 206 Glyukozaning k ata b o liz m i.................................................................................... 207 Uglevodlam ing aerob y o ‘l bilan oksidlanishi va uning fiziologik ah am iy a ti................................................................................................ 207 Vodorodning (H 2) sitoplazmadan m itohondriyaga o 'tish «mokki» mexanizm i................................................................................................ 208 U glevodlam ing anaerob y o ‘1 bilan parchalanishi (glikoliz va g likogenoliz)....................................................................................... 210 Glyukozaning laktat va piruvatdan biosintezlanishi (g ly u k o n eo g en ez)...... 212 Biotin va uning uglevod alm ashinuvidagi v a z if a s i.......................................... 212 G likoliz va glyukoneogenezning allosterik b o sh q a rilish i.............................. 214 G likoliz va glyukoneogenezning o 'zaro b o g 'liq lig i (K ori s i k l i ) ................. 215 Glyukozaning pentozofosfat siklida (apotom ik y o ‘l) parchalanishi va uning fiziologik a h a m iy a ti..................................................... 216 Saxaroza, Iaktoza, fruktoza, galaktoza alm ashinuvi va uning nasliy b u zilish lari................................................................................................................ 218 G likogenning fiziologik ahamiyati va m e ta b o liz m i....................................... 221 Glikogen alm ashuvini adrenalin va insulin ta ’sirida regulyatsiyasining m olekulyar m exanizm i......................................................... 223 Q ondagi glyukoza m iqdorining boshqariluvi ................................................... 225 U glevodlar alm ashuvining b u z ilis h i................................................................... 226 Q a n d lid iab et............................................................................................................ 226 Glikogenozlar va ag lik o g en o zlar......................................................................... 228 Glikoprotein, proteoglikan, glikolipidlam ing uglevod qism ini tuzilish va fim ksiyalari........................................................................................... 229 XI
BOB LIPIDLAR ALMASHINUVI Lipidlam ing asosiy s in f la r i................................................................................... 234 S te ro id la r.................................................................................................................. 237 Yog‘laming oziqlanishdagi ahamiyati ............................................................... 238 Yog‘lam ing h azm lan ish i........................................................................................ 239 Y o g ia r hazm b o ‘lishiga o ‘t kislotalam ing ta ’siri ............................................ 239 Y og'lam ing so'rilishi va ichak devorida resintezi ...........................................241 Yog‘laming qondagi transport shak llari............................................................ 242 Yog* kislotalarining o k sid lan ish i......................................................................... 243 Yog' kislotalam ing (»-oksidlanishi..................................................................... 244 Toq sonli uglerod tutuvchi yog' kislotalam ing o k sid la n ish i........................ 245 Yog* kislotalar s i n te z i..............................................................................................245 To'yinm agan y o g ‘ kislotalar sin te z i..................................................................... 247 Triglitseridlar sin tezlan ish i..................................................................................... 247 Yog'lar biosintezining boshqarilishi..................................................................... 247 Fosfoglitseridlar b io sin te z i..................................................................................... 248 Yog'larning to 'p lan ish i (s e m iz lik )........................................................................248 Yog'lar sarflanishining kuchayishi yoki k ax ek siy a........................................... 249 Hujayra yog'larn in g parchalanishi........................................................................249 Keton tanachalari m etabolizm i.............................................................................. 250 K etonuriya..................................................................................................................250 G iperlipoproteinem iyalar....................................................................................... 251 Xolesterin b io s in te z i................................................................................................252 Xolesterinning q onda ta sh ilish i............................................................................. 253 Xolesterinning organizm dagi aham iyati............................................................. 254 Ateroskleroz n a z a riy a la ri....................................................................................... 254 XII BOB
ODDIY OQSILLAR ALMASHINUVI Iste’mol qilinadigan oqsil m e y o r i.........................................................................256 Musbat va m anfiy azot b alan si.............................................................................. 256 Oqsillaming biologik q iy m a ti............................................................................... 257 Parenteral o ziq la n ish ................................................................................................258 Oqsillar h a z m la n ish i................................................................................................259 Xlorid kislotasining hosil bo'lish mexanizmi va a h a m iy a ti............................. 261 O 'n ikki barm oqli ichakda oqsillaming hazm b o 'lis h i...................................... 262 Ichakda am inokislotalam ing s o 'rilis h i.................................................................264 Hazmlanish jarayonlarini boshqarilishi................................................................265 Ichakda am inokislotalam ing chirishi va jigarda chirish mahsulotlarini zararsizlan tirilish i.................................................................................................... 266 Endogen oqsillarining to'qim alarda parchalanishi............................................. 268 A m inokislotalam ing safarbarligi...........................................................................269 Toqimalararo am inokislotalam ing alm ashinuvi.................................................. 271 Aminokislotalar k atab o lizm i................................................................................. 273 A m inokislotalam ing dezam inlanishi....................................................................273 A m inokislotalam ing dekarboksillanishi.............................................................. 277 A m inokislotalam ing uglerod skeletini o'zgarishi bilan boradigan reak siy alar....................................................................................281 Transmetillanish re a k s iy a la ri................................................................................ 282 Antim etabolitlar haqida tushuncha....................................................................... 284 Ba’zi am inokislotalam ing alm ashinuvi............................................................... 284 Ammiakni zararsizlantirish y o 'lla ri...................................................................... 288 N U K LEO TID LA R ALM A SHIN UVI VA V A Z IF A IA R I Purinli nukleotidlar biosintezi................................................................. 297 Purinli nukleotidlaming adenin va guanindan biologik yo‘l bilan sintezlanishi.................................................................... 299
Purinli nulleozidlar katabolizmi..................................................................... 300
Pirimidinli nukleotidlar alm ashinuvi......................................................... 3Q3
Dezoksiribonukleotidlar biosintezi........................................................... 305
Pirimidinli nukleozidlar parchalanishi............................................................ 3% Orotatatsiduriya........................................................................... 3Qg XIV BOB
UGLEVOD, Y O G ‘ VA A M INOK ISLOTALAR A LM A SHIN UVIN ING O 'Z A R O B O G 'L IQ L IG I Aminokislotalar azotsiz qoldig‘ining alm ashinuvi........................... 309
Aminokislota va glitserindan glyukoza s in te z i...............................................310 Aminokislotalammg uglevodlardan biosintezi............................................ 3 j j Uglevodlardan yog* laming biosintezi............................................................... 31 j XV BOB MODDALAR ALMASHINUVI VA FU NKSIYALARNING G O R M O N LA R ISH TIRO K ID A I DORA E TIL ISH I Gormonlar tasnifi...................................................................... 3 jg Gormonlar signalini o‘tkazishning molekulyar m exanizm lari..................... 320 Adenilatsiklaza messenjer sistem asi........................................................ 320 Guanilatsiklaza messenjer sistem asi................................................................ 325 C a12 messenjer sistem asi........................................................................ 327
Rilizing omillari. Gipotalamus-gipofiz tizim i................................................331 Gipofiz gormonlari .......................................................................... 332 Adenogipofiz (gipofiz oldingi bo'lagining) gorm onlari............................... 332 Qandsiz diabet. Gipofiz orqa bo'lagining g o rm o n lari.................................. 333 Gipofiz o'rta bo'lagi gorm onlari.......................................................................334 Buyrak usti bezi gorm onlari.............................................................................. ... Buyrak usti bezini po'stloq qismi gorm onlari.................................................335 Buyrak usti bezi m ag'iz qismi gorm onlari...................................................... 339 Uglevodlar, yog lar va aminokislotalaming almashinuviga gormonlaming ta’s i r i ............................................................................. 34
Qandli diabet................................................................................ 345 Qandli diabet asoratlarining biokim yosi......................................................... 347 Ochlik davrida organizmda vujudga keladigan biokimyoviy o ‘zgarishlar...................................................................................... K alsiy va fo sfatlar alm ashinuvining b o sh q arilish i.......................................... 350 P aratg o rm o n ............................................................................................................. V itamin ...................................................................................................................... ^ K alsito n in ............................................ ..................................................................... 2 5 2 E rkaklar jin s iy gorm onlari (androgenlar).......................................................... 3 A yollar jin s iy gorm onlari (estrogenlar va p ro g e stin la r)......... ....................... Q alqonsim on b ez g o rm o n lari.............................................................................. Prostaglandinlar va ey k azan o id lar..................................................................... K allikrein-kinin siste m a si.................................................................................... XVI BOB QON BIOK1MYOSI Q on plazm asi o q s illa ri..........................................................................................^ G em oglobin s in te z i................................................................................................ 367 Temir a lm a s h in u v i........................................................................................... " 36g Eritrotsit m e ta b o liz m i.......................... ................................................................ 1 70 K islorod v a uglerod dioksidining ta sh ilish i...................................................... ^ Q onning b u fer s is te m a s i...................................................................................... 3 7 4
Q on i v i s h i................................................................................................................ 2 7 7
Tromb hosil b o lis h i.......... .............. 3*78
Q on ivishining tashqi m exanizmi ...................................................................... 37g Q on ivishining ichki m ex an izm i......................................................................... ^ Vitamin ..................................................................................................................... 3 79 G e m o filiy a ............................................................................................................... 2 7 ^
Q on ivishiga qarshilik qiladigan o m illar........................................................... XVII BOB JIGAR BIOK1MYOSI. JIGARNING FAOL1YATI Jigam ing turli m oddalam i zararsizlantirishdagi a h a m iy a ti........................... 384 Jigam ing karbonsuvlar alm ashinuvida tutgan .................................................. Jigar g lik o g en o zlari........ ....... ....... ....... .. ............................................................ 3 9 6 Jigam ing oq sillar alm ashinuvidagi v a z ifa s i..................................................... Jigaming y o g ‘lar alm ashinuvidagi ishtiroki ..................................................... Jigam ing pigm ent alm ashinuvidagi is h tiro k i..............— ............... ............ G epatotsitlar tom onidan konyugatsiyalanm agan bilirubim ng qam rab
olinishi va zararsizlantirishi. S ariq ilik ............ .......................... ;....... r , ' , ' ' " ' . . . Jigar xastaliklarida oganizm da kuzatiladigan biokim yoviy o zganshlar ... 41 XVIII BOB BUYRAK BIOKIMYOS1 B uyrakning kislota-ishqor muvozanatni saqlashdagi v a z if a s i..................... 420 B uyrak to 'q im asid a m e’yorda va patologik holatlarda
m odda alm ashinuvining o ‘ziga xos to m o n la ri................................................ Siydikning um um iy xususiyatlari va tarkibiy q is m la ri................................... 422 Siydikning kim yoviy ta r k ib i................................................................................. 425 XIX BOB MUSHAKLAR BIOKIMYOSI K o ‘ndalang-targ‘il mushaklam i kim yoviy ta rk ib i............................................ 436 B ir valentlik ion va kalsiy ioni gradiyentining mushak qisqarishidagi vazifasi............................................................................................. 440 Sarkoplazmatik o q s illa r......................................................................................... 442 M ushak ekstraktiv m oddalari................................................................................ 4 4 3
M ushaklardagi energetik alm ashinuvning o 'zig a xos to m o n la ri...................444 M ushak distrofiyasi va denervatsiyasidagi biokimyoviy o 'z g a r is h la r ........ 4 4 5 K reatin u riy a............................................................................................................. 446 M ushak kim yoviy tarkibining ontogenezda 0 ‘z g a ris h i................................... 446 Yurak mushagi va silliq muskulatura kim yoviy tarkibini o 'zig a x o s lig i.....447 XX BOB
BIRIKTIRUVCHI TO 'Q IM A BIOKIMYOSI K o llag en .................................................................................................................... 4 4 9 E la s tin ........................................................................................................................ 4 5 2 P roteoglikanlar......................................................................................................... 4 5 4 Proteoglikanlar b io sin tezi.................................................................................. . . . 4 5 7 Proteoglikanlar fu n k siy a si..................................................................................... 4 5 8 Hujayralararo matriksning struktura tu z i li s h i................................................... 4 5 9 Biriktiruvchi to'qim aning qarilik, kollagenozlarda o 'z g a ris h i...................... 460 Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar...................................................................................... 462
R A .S O B IR O V A , O.A.A BRO RO V F.X.INOYATOVA, A .N.ARIPOV B IO L O G I K K IM Y O
M u h arrir D .R ajabov B adiiy m uharrir B.Bozorov Tex.m uharrir E.D em chenko M usahhih N .M inahm edova K om pyuterda sahifalovchi A .M Yüklə 13,42 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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