einstein. 2010; 8(4 Pt 1):477-9
Case RepoRt
Delayed traumatic spinal epidural hematoma with
neurological deficits
Hematoma epidural pós-traumático tardio com evolução para déficit neurológico
Luciano Miller Reis Rodrigues
1
, Felipe Abreu
2
, Edison Noboru Fujiki
3
, Carlo Milani
4
aBstRaCt
To describe the mechanism that causes spinal epidural hematoma
with neurologic deficit and review the literature. We report a case
of a 62-year-old man with post-traumatic epidural hematoma in
the cervicothoracic spine, who developed progressive neurological
deficit which eventually resulted in complete paralysis below T1.
During surgical evacuation significant spine compression due to an
organizing hematoma was observed. After surgery, the patient’s
motor function improved and there was a complete recovery of the
neurologic deficit after a rehabilitation program.
Conclusion: Epidural
hematoma can happen after delayed traumatic event leading to a
variable degree of neurologic damage.
Keywords: Spine; Hematoma; Spinal cord compression
Resumo
Descrever o mecanismo causador de hematoma epidural com déficit
neurológico e revisão da literatura. Relata-se caso de paciente com
62 anos, do sexo masculino, com hematoma epidural pós-traumático
da coluna cervicotorácica, com desenvolvimento neurológico
progressivo, resultando eventualmente em paralisia completa abaixo
de T1. Durante o esvaziamento cirúrgico foi observada compressão
significante da coluna vertebral devido ao hematoma em organização.
Após cirurgia houve melhora das funções motoras e recuperação
completa do déficit neurológico pós-reabilitação. O hematoma
epidural pode ocorrer tardiamente a eventos traumáticos, levando a
lesões neurológicas de graus variados.
Descritores: Coluna vertebral; Hematoma; Compressão da medula
espinhal
INtRoDuCtIoN
Spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is an uncommon entity
that represents an important cause of cord compression.
SEH can arise spontaneously or after trauma, and it is
more common in patients with vascular anomalies and
coagulation abnormalities
(1)
.
Post-traumatic SEH is relatively uncommon and
represents less than 1 to 1.7% of all spine injuries
(2)
.
Treatment usually involves emergency operative
decompression, specially when patients develop delayed
and neurological symptoms. We report a case of a post-
traumatic SEH of the cervical spine in a patient who
developed delayed neurological symptoms.
Case DesCRIptIoN
A 62-year-old male patient who suffered a direct cervical
impact when was weightlifting and from that moment
on he started to feel significant pain which improved
after use of analgesic drugs. However, three weeks
after the incident, he began to experience paresthesia
of the fourth and fifth fingers and difficulty in opening
his hand. At the same time when paresthesia began, he
developed a progressive loss of strength in the leg. In
two weeks, he developed complete paralysis with loss of
sphincters control.
Radiography and computed tomography did not
show signs of fracture. Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) of cervical and thoracic spine was performed
(Figures 1A e 1B) and revealed a considerable mass
in the posterior spinal canal, causing significant
stenosis of the center canal on C7 and T1. The mass
characteristics were consistent with large and posterior
epidural hematoma. There was no evidence of fracture,
soft tissue or any other abnormality. It is important
to mention that the patient did not use anticoagulant
medicine and had no changes in his coagulogram.
Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – FMABC, Santo André (SP), Brazil.
1
MD, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – FMABC, São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
2
Resident at Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – FMABC, Santo André (SP), Brazil.
3
PhD, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – FMABC, Santo André (SP), Brazil.
4
Full professor at Faculdade de Medicina do ABC – FMABC, Santo André (SP), Brazil.
Corresponding author: Luciano Miller Reis Rodrigues – Rua Tucumã, 199 – Jardim Europa – CEP 01455010 – São Paulo (SP), Brasil – Tel.: 11 3596 4186 – e-mail: luciano.miller@uol.com.br
Received on Jan 6, 2010 – Accepted on Sept 21, 2010
einstein. 2010; 8(4 Pt 1):477-9
478
Rodrigues LMR, Abreu F, Fujiki EN, Milani C
Laminectomy was indicated for the neurological
symptoms and the significant spine compression.
Surgical findings included substantial compression of
hematoma which had a hard consistency. Pathologic
examination showed compression caused by the
hematoma. The patient demonstrated significant
improvement in strength and motor function after
surgical decompression, but retained sensory deficit
below T4. He also regained partial control of his
sphincters.
DIsCussIoN
Traumatic causes of SEH include vertebral fractures,
obstetric birth trauma, lumbar punctures, bleeding
after surgery, epidural anesthesia and missile injuries
(3)
.
In addition, cervical spondylosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
Paget’s disease, and ankylosing spondylitis are
considered risk factors for post-traumatic SEH
(2)
.
It is quite impossible to determine the causes of
bleeding associated with SEH, and the pathophysiological
mechanism of SEH remains obscure. Although SEH
is rarely originated from the arterial system, the most
accepted source is bleeding from ruptures of the
valveless venous plexus in the epidural space, which
possibly resulted from an abrupt change in venous
pressure after blunt trauma
(4,5)
.
Several authors categorize SEH when associated
with minor trauma such as lifting an object or the valsalva
maneuver as spontaneous rather than post-traumatic
SEH. Particularly in young patients, traumatic SEH
may also occur in cases of minor trauma without bone
disruption because of the great elasticity of the spine
and most likely due to the tearing of epidural veins
during acute disc disruption
(6)
.
Spontaneous and traumatic SEH, in most cases,
occur dorsally, as observed in this case. This anatomical
preference is difficult to explain because of the close
adherence to fibrous in posterior longitudinal ligament
on the ventral surface of the canal
(7)
.
The symptoms of post-traumatic SEH are generally
present immediately after the incident. Posterior
evolution of progressive neurological deficit is rare
(3,8)
.
Classically, post-traumatic SEH presents as acute painful
episodes at the moment of the trauma demonstrating
a progressive neurological compromise at the cord a
compression level. In this case, the patient developed
symptoms of progressive neurological deficit three
weeks after the traumatic event.
MRI is the preferred exam to diagnose SEH. CT
and plain films of the spine do not evaluate adequately
spine when SEH is clinically suggested. Boukobza et
al.
(9)
reviewed MRI characteristics of 11 hematomas and
found, after a 24-hour follow-up, that hematomas were
usually isointense to the spinal cord on T1-weighted
images and heterogeneous on T2-weighted images.
The hematoma produces a later high signal intensity
in both T1- and T2-weighted images. It is important
Figure 1a. Sagittal MRI showing posterior epidural hematoma
Figure 1B. Axial MRI presented significant compression of bilateral spine
einstein. 2010; 8(4 Pt 1):477-9
Delayed traumatic spinal epidural hematoma with neurological deficits
479
to highlight that magnetic resonance angiography is
not a gold standard to spine injuries. However, it may
be necessary when a resection vertebral plan in spine
tumor is required.
Prompt surgical evacuation of the hematoma with
laminectomy has been the most used treatment for
patients with persistent symptomatic spinal epidural
hematomas with neurological deficits
(1,10,11)
. When
patients demonstrate less neurological symptoms,
particularly without any progression, and show signs
of clinical improvement, corticosteroid treatment with
close observation is more appropriate
(12)
. Lawton et al.
(13)
assessed 30 patients with spinal epidural hematomas
and found that neurological deficits improved in
87% of patients submitted to surgical evacuation of
hematomas.
Surgery within the first 12 hours has been correlated
to better neurological outcomes. In our case, late spine
decompression was performed, resulting in significant
improvement of neurological deficits.
Spinal epidural hematomas are uncommon
complications after traumatic injuries to the spine.
Emergency surgical evacuation should be performed to
enable neurological improvement.
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