Our basic hypothesis is that the more kids saw these ads, the more they
came to believe that lots of other kids were using marijuana. And the
more they came to believe that other kids were using marijuana, the
more they became interested in using it themselves.
As with many powerful tools, making things more public can have
unintended consequences when not applied carefully. If you want to get
people not to do something, don’t tell them that lots of their peers are doing
it.
Take the music industry. It thought it could stop illegal downloads by
showing people how big the problem is. So the industry association’s
website sternly warns people that “only 37 percent of music acquired by
U.S. consumers . . . was paid for” and that in the past few years
“approximately 30 billion songs were illegally downloaded.”
But I’m not sure that message has the desired effect. If anything, it may
have the opposite effect. Less than half of people are paying for their
music? Wow. Seems like you’d have to be an idiot to pay for it then, right?
Even in cases where most people are doing the right thing, talking about
the minority who are doing the wrong thing can encourage people to give in
to temptation.
Rather than making the private public, preventing a behavior requires the
opposite: making the public private. Making others’ behavior less
observable.
One way is to highlight what people should be doing instead.
Psychologist Bob Cialdini and colleagues wanted to decrease the number of
people who stole petrified wood from Arizona’s Petrified Forest National
Park. So they posted signs around the park that tried different strategies.
One asked people not to take the wood because “many past visitors have
removed petrified wood from the Park, changing the natural state of the
Petrified Forest.” But by providing social proof that others were stealing,
the message had a perverse effect, almost doubling the number of people
taking wood!
Highlighting what people should do was much more effective. Over a
different set of trails they tried a different sign that stated, “Please don’t
remove the petrified wood from the Park, in order to preserve the natural
state of the Petrified Forest.” By focusing on the positive effects of not
taking the wood, rather than on what others were doing, the park service
was able to reduce theft.
—————
It’s been said that when people are free to do as they please, they usually
imitate one another. We look to others for information about what is right or
good to do in a given situation, and this social proof shapes everything from
the products we buy to the candidates we vote for.
But as we discussed, the phrase “Monkey see, monkey do” captures more
than just our tendency to follow others. If people can’t see what others are
doing, they can’t imitate them. So to get our products and ideas to become
popular we need to make them more publicly observable. For Apple this
was as easy as flipping its logo. By cleverly leveraging moustaches,
Movember drew huge attention and donations for men’s cancer research.
So we need to be like Hotmail and Apple and design products that
advertise themselves. We need to be like Lululemon and Livestrong and
create behavioral residue, discernible evidence that sticks around even after
people have used our product or engaged with our ideas. We need to make
the private public. If something is built to show, it’s built to grow.
*
Making the public private is particularly important for things that people may not have originally
felt comfortable talking about. Take online dating. Many people have tried it, but it is still somewhat
stigmatized in the culture at large. And part of this stigma is due to the fact that people are unaware
that many people they know have tried it. Online dating is relatively private behavior, so to help it
catch on, online dating companies need to make people more aware how many others are doing it.
Similar issues pop up in other domains. The makers of Viagra coined the term “ED” (erectile
dysfunction) to get people more comfortable talking about what was once a private issue. Many
colleges started a “wear jeans if you’re gay” day, in part just to raise awareness and discussion for the
LGBT community.
5. Practical Value
If you had to pick someone to make a viral video, Ken Craig probably
wouldn’t be your first choice. Most viral videos are made by adolescents
and watched by adolescents. Crazy tricks someone did on his motorcycle or
cartoon characters edited to look as if they are dancing to rap songs. Things
young people love.
But Ken Craig is eighty-six years old. And the video that went viral? It’s
about shucking corn.
Ken was born on a farm in Oklahoma, one of five brothers and sisters.
His family’s livelihood was built around growing cotton. They also kept a
garden to grow things for the family to eat. And among those things was
corn. Ken’s been eating corn since the 1920s. He’s eaten everything from
corn casserole and corn chowder to corn fritters and corn salad. One of his
favorite ways to eat corn is straight off the cob. Nice and fresh.
But if you’ve ever eaten corn on the cob you know that there are two
problems. In addition to kernels getting stuck in your teeth, there are those
pesky threadlike strands (called corn silk) that always seem stuck to the
corn. A couple of strong pulls and you can easily peel the husk off, but the
silk seems to cling on for dear life. You can rub the corn, carefully pick at it
with tweezers, or try almost anything else you like, but whatever you do
there always seem to be a couple of wayward silk strands left over.
And this is where Ken comes in.
Like most eighty-six-year-olds, Ken’s not really into the Internet. He
doesn’t have a blog, a channel on YouTube, or any sort of online presence.
In fact, to this day he has made only one YouTube video. Ever.
A couple of years ago, Ken’s daughter-in-law was over at his house
making dinner. She had almost finished cooking the main dish, and when it
got close to time to eat, she told him that the corn was ready to be shucked.
Okay, Ken said, but let me show you a little trick.
He took unshucked ears of corn and tossed them in a microwave. Four
minutes an ear. Once they were done, he took a kitchen knife and cut a half
inch or so off the bottom. Then he grabbed the husk at the top of the corn,
gave it a quick couple of shakes, and out popped the ear of corn. Clean as a
whistle. No silk.
His daughter-in-law was so impressed she said they’d have to make a
video to send to her daughter who was teaching English in Korea. So the
next day she shot a clip of Ken in his kitchen, talking through his trick for
clean ears of corn. To make it easier for her daughter to see, she posted it on
YouTube. And along the way she sent the clip to a couple of friends.
Well, those friends sent it to a couple of friends, who also sent it to a
couple of friends. Soon Ken’s “Clean Ears Everytime” video took off. It
collected more than 5 million views.
But unlike most viral videos that skew toward young people, this one
skewed in the opposite direction. Topping the charts of the videos viewed
most by people above the age of fifty-five. In fact, the video might have
spread even faster if more senior citizens were online.
Why did people share this video?
—————
A couple of years ago I went hiking with my brother in the mountains of
North Carolina. He was wrapping up a tough year of medical school, and I
needed a break from work, so we met at Raleigh-Durham Airport and drove
west. Past the Tar Heel blue of Chapel Hill, past the once tobacco-saturated
city of Winston-Salem, and all the way to the Blue Ridge Mountains that
hug the westernmost portion of the state. The next morning we woke up
early, packed food for the day, and set out on a winding mountain ridge path
that led to the top of a majestic plateau.
The main reason people go hiking is to get away from it all. To escape
from the hustle and bustle of the city and to immerse themselves in nature.
No billboards, no traffic, no advertising, just you and nature.
But that morning while we were hiking in the woods, we came across the
most peculiar thing. As we rounded the bend on a downhill portion of the
trail there was a group of hikers in front of us. We walked behind them for a
couple of minutes, and being a curious guy, I happened to eavesdrop on
their conversation. I thought they might be talking about the beautiful
weather, or the long descent we had just covered.
But they weren’t.
They were talking about vacuum cleaners.
Whether one particular model was really worth its premium price, and
whether another model would do the job just as well.
Vacuum cleaners? There were thousands of other things these hikers
could have talked about. Where to stop for lunch, the rushing sixty-foot
falls they had just passed, even politics. But vacuum cleaners?
—————
It’s not easy to explain Ken Craig’s viral corn video using the dimensions
we’ve talked about so far in this book, but it’s even harder to explain the
hikers chatting about vacuum cleaners. They weren’t talking about anything
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