parties at the frat house, and open bars at the sorority formal. You’d witness
your peers drinking and seeming happy about it, so you’d assume that you
are the outlier and that everyone else likes drinking more than you do. So
you’d have another drink.
But what students don’t realize is that everyone is having similar
thoughts. Their peers are having the same experience. They see others
drinking, so they drink, too. And the cycle continues because people can’t
read one another’s thoughts. If they could, they’d realize that everyone felt
the same way. And they wouldn’t feel all this social proof compelling them
to drink as much.
For a more familiar example, think about the last time you sat through a
bewildering
PowerPoint
presentation.
Something
about
equity
diversification or supply chain reorganization. At the end of the talk, the
speaker probably asked the audience if anyone had any questions.
The response?
Silence.
But not because everyone else understood the presentation. The others
were probably just as bewildered as you were. But while they would have
liked to raise their hands, they didn’t because each one is worried that he or
she is the only person who didn’t understand. Why? Because no one else
was asking questions. No one saw any public signal that others were
confused so everyone keeps his doubts to him- or herself. Because behavior
is public and thoughts are private.
—————
The famous phrase “Monkey see, monkey do” captures more than just
the human penchant for imitation. People can imitate only when they can
see what others are doing. College students may personally be against binge
drinking, but they binge because that is what they observe others doing. A
restaurant might be extremely popular, but if it’s hard to see inside (e.g., the
front windows are frosted), there is no way passersby can use that
information to inform their own choices.
Observability has a huge impact on whether products and ideas catch on.
Say a clothing company introduces a new shirt style. If you see someone
wearing it and decide you like it, you can go buy the same shirt, or
something similar. But this is much less likely to happen with socks.
Why?
Because shirts are public and socks are private. They’re harder to see.
The same goes for toothpaste versus cars. You probably don’t know what
kind of toothpaste your neighbors use. It’s hidden inside their house, inside
their bathroom, inside a cabinet. You’re more likely to know what car they
drive. And because car preferences are easier to observe, it’s much more
likely that your neighbors’ purchase behavior can influence yours.
My colleagues Blake McShane, Eric Bradlow, and I tested this idea using
data on 1.5 million car sales. Would a neighbor buying a new car be enough
to get you to buy a new one?
Sure enough, we found a pretty impressive effect. People who lived in,
say, Denver, were more likely to buy a new car if other Denverites had
bought new cars recently. And the effect was pretty big. Approximately one
out of every eight cars sold was because of social influence.
Even more impressive was the role of observability in these effects.
Cities vary in how easy it is to see what other people are driving. People in
Los Angeles tend to commute by car, so they are more likely to see what
others are driving than New Yorkers, who commute by subway. In sunny
places like Miami, you can more easily see what the person next to you is
driving than in rainy cities like Seattle. By affecting observability, these
conditions also determined the effect of social influence on auto purchases.
People were more influenced by others’ purchases in places like Los
Angeles and Miami, where it is easier to see what others were driving.
Social influence was stronger when behavior was more observable.
Observable things are also more likely to be discussed. Ever walked into
someone’s office or home and inquired about a weird paperweight on the
desk or a colorful art print on the living room wall? Imagine if those items
were locked in a safe or tucked away in the basement. Would they get
talked about as much? Probably not. Public visibility boosts word of mouth.
The easier something is to see, the more people talk about it.
Observability also spurs purchase and action. As we discussed in the
Triggers chapter, cues in the environment not only boost word of mouth but
also remind people about things they already wanted to buy or do. You may
have meant to eat healthier or visit that new website your friend mentioned,
but without a visible trigger to jog your memory, you’re more likely to
forget. The more public a product or service is, the more it triggers people
to take action.
So how can products or ideas be made more publicly observable?
MAKING THE PRIVATE PUBLIC . . . WITH MOUSTACHES
Every fall I teach about sixty MBA students at the Wharton School, and by
the end of October I’ve gotten some sense of most of the students in the
class. I know who is going to be five minutes late every day, who will be
the first to raise a hand, and who will be dressed like a prima donna.
So I was a bit surprised a few years ago when I walked into class in early
November to see what I’d thought was a pretty buttoned-down guy sporting
a big moustache. It wasn’t simply that he had forgotten to shave; he had a
full handlebar with ends almost ready to curl up on the sides. He looked like
a cross between Rollie Fingers and a villain in an old black-and-white
movie.
At first I thought he must be trying a facial hair experiment. But then
when I looked around the room I noticed two other new moustache
devotees. A trend seemed to be catching on. What precipitated the sudden
outburst of moustaches?
—————
Every year, cancer claims the lives of more than 4.2 million men
worldwide. More than 6 million new cases are diagnosed each year. Thanks
to generous donations, great headway has been made in research and
treatment. But how can organizations that work to fight this disease
leverage social influence to increase donations?
Unfortunately, as with many causes, whether you support a particular
cancer fund is typically a private matter. If you’re like most people, you
probably have little idea which of your neighbors, coworkers, or even
friends have donated to help fight this disease. So there is no way for their
behavior to influence yours or vice versa.
And that is where the moustaches come in.
It all started one Sunday afternoon in 2003. A group of friends from
Melbourne, Australia, were sitting around drinking beers. The conversation
meandered in various directions and finally ended up on 1970s and 80s
fashion. “What ever happened to the moustache?” one guy asked. A few
beers more and they came up with a challenge: to see who could grow the
best moustache. The word spread to their other friends, and eventually they
had a small group of thirty people. All grew moustaches for the thirty days
of November.
Everyone had so much fun that the next November they decided to do it
again. But this time they decided to put a cause behind their efforts.
Inspired by the work being done with breast cancer awareness, they wanted
to do something similar for men’s health. So they formed the Movember
Foundation and adopted the tagline “Changing the face of men’s health.”
That year 450 guys raised $54,000 for the Prostate Cancer Foundation of
Australia.
It grew from there. Next year there were more than 9,000 participants.
The following year, more than 50,000. Soon the annual event started
spreading around the world. In 2007, events were launched everywhere
from Ireland and Denmark to South Africa and Taiwan. The organization
has since raised more than $174 million worldwide. Not bad for a few tufts
of facial hair.
Now, every November, men pledge to raise awareness and money by
growing moustaches. The rules are simple. Start the first of the month with
a clean-shaven face. For the rest of the month, grow and groom a
moustache. Oh—and along the way, conduct yourself like a true country
gentleman.
The Movember Foundation succeeded because they figured out how to
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