Collective nouns in english contents introduction

COLLECTIVE NOUNS IN ENGLISH
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...3
Chapter I. Collective Nouns………………………………………………………7
1.1. Versatile Collective Nouns…………………………………………………….7
1.2. Collective Noun Examples: How to Use Collective Nouns………………….11
Chapter II. The functions of nouns …………………………………………….16
2.1. The functions of nouns…………………………………………………….…16
2.2. What is an example of a noun………………………………………………..20
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..26
References………………………………………………………………………..27


INTRODUCTION
A. Proper nouns are individual names given to separate persons or things. As regards their meaning proper nouns may be personal names, (Mary, Peter, Shakespeare), geographical names (Moscow, London, the Caucasus), the names of the months and of the days of the week (February, Monday), names of ships, hotels, clubs etc.
A large number of nouns now proper were originally common nouns (Brown, Smith, Mason).
Proper nouns may change their meaning and become common nouns:
George went over to the table and took a sandwich and a glass of champagne. (Aldington)
B. Common nouns are names that can be applied to any indi­vidual of a class of persons or things (e.g. man, dog, book), collections of similar individuals or things regarded as a single unit (e. g. peasantry, family), materials (e. g. snow, iron, cotton) or abstract notions (e.g. kindness, development).
Thus there are different groups of common nouns:
1) class nouns,
2) collective nouns,
3) nouns of material
4) abstract nouns.
Nouns may also be classified from another point of view: nouns denoting things (the word thing is used in a broad sense) that can be counted are called countable nouns; nouns denoting things that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns.

1. 
   Class nouns denote persons or things belonging to a class. They are countable and have two numbers: singular and plural. They are generally used with an article.
   

"Well, sir," said Mrs. Parker, "I wasn't in the shop above a great deal." (Mansfield)
He goes to the part of the town where the shops are. (Lessing)
2. Collective nouns denote a number or collection of similar individuals or things regarded as a single unit. Collective nouns fall under the following groups:

1. 
   Nouns used only in the singular and denoting a number of things collected together and regarded as a single object: foli­age, machinery.
   

It was not restful, that green foliage. (London)
Machinery new to the industry in Australia was introduced for preparing land. (Agricultural Gazette)

2. 
   Nouns, which are singular in form though plural in meaning: police, poultry, cattle, people, gentry etc. They are usually called nouns of multitude. When the subject of the sentence is a noun of multi­tude the verb used as predicate is in the plural:
   

I had no idea the police were so devilishly prudent… (Shaw)
Unless cattle are in good condition in calving, milk production will never reach a high level. (Agricultural Gazette)
The weather was warm and the people were sitting at their doors. (Dickens)
(c) Nouns that may be both singular and plural: family, crowd, fleet, nation etc. We can think of a number of crowds, fleets or differ­ent nations as well as of a single crowd, fleet, etc.
A small crowd is lined up to see the guests arrive. (Shaw)
Accordingly they were soon afoot, and walking in the direction of the scene of action, toward which crowds of people were already pouring from a variety of quarters. (Dickens)
3. Nouns of material denote material: iron, gold, paper, tea, water. They are uncountable and are generally used without any article.
There was a scent of honey from the lime-trees in flower. (Gals­worthy)
There was coffee still in the urn. (Wells)
Nouns of material are used in the plural to denote different sorts of a given material.
... that his senior counted upon him in this enterprise, and had consigned a quantity of select wines to him... (Thackeray)
Nouns of material may turn into class nouns (thus becoming countable) when they come to express an individual object of definite shape.
Compare:
To the left were clean panes of glass. (Ch. Bronte)
"He came in here," said the waiter looking at the light through the tumbler, "ordered a glass of this ale." (Dickens)
But the person in the glass made a face at her, and Miss Moss went out. (Mansfield)
4. Abstract nouns denote some quality, state, action or idea: kindness, sadness, fight etc. They are usually uncountable, though some of them may be countable (e. g. idea, hour).
Therefore when the youngsters saw that mother looked neither frightened nor offended, they gathered new courage. (Dodge)
Accustomed to John Reed's abuse, I never had an idea of re­plying to it. (Ch. Bronte)
It's these people with fixed ideas. (Galsworthy)
Abstract nouns may change their meaning and become class nouns. This change is marked by the use of the article and of the plural number:
beauty - a beauty - beauties
sight - a sight - sights
He was responsive to beauty and here was cause to respond. (London)
She was a beauty. (Dickens)
... but she isn't one of those horrid regular beauties. (Aldington)